Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>In this study, we investigated the effect of energized and non-energized 5-polywires electric fences (heights of 5-polywires: 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140cm) in preventing invasion by captive sika deer (<i>C. n. nippon</i>). Two experiments were conducted in an identical enclosure (400×600cm). In the first experiment, two 2-year-old captive sika deer (one male, one female) exposed to energized electric fences exhibited exploratory behavior toward the wires with their lips. Once the animals received an electric shock, they responded by either passing through the wires or stepping back from them. After receiving electric shocks by touching the wires a few times, the animals began to avoid the fences. The invasion-prevention percentage for both the female and male deer was 100% on day 4 after exposure to energized electric fences. In the second experiment, when the animals previously exposed to energized fences were exposed to non-energized fences, the female and male deer avoided the fences in the beginning but exhibited exploratory behavior toward the wires by touching with their lips on days 4 and 19 after exposure, respectively. Thereafter, female and male deer finally passed through the wires on days 7 and 43, respectively. Passing through was only observed between the wires placed at heights 40 and 70cm. The invasion-prevention percentage for both deer decreased gradually and was less than 20% at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, energized electric fences were highly effective in preventing invasion by sika deer. However, it was shown that sika deer passed through non-energized electric fences within a week of exposure even though they had previously received an electric shock from energized electric fences and learnt to avoid them. These results indicate the importance of daily maintenance of electric fences to keep them energizing.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.14.1_73

Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>The present study explored the effectiveness of a physical protective fence in combination with an electric fence in preventing sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) invasions in grasslands. Specifically, we implemented a combined wire-netting and electric fence to prevent the invasion of sika deer in meadows and comprehensively evaluated the effectiveness of this strategy from the viewpoints of effort and cost for fence setup and maintenance. Further, we compared the frequency of emergence of sika deer as well as the yield of Japanese barnyard millet (<i>Echinochloa utilis</i> Ohwi et Yabuno) during summer cultivation and Italian ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum </i>Lam.) during winter cultivation. The following three treatments were assigned: (1) a control group (May 2017-May 2018), in which no measures to prevent deer invasion were implemented; (2) an electric fence group (June 2018-May 2019), in which electric fences (5-polywires, height: 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140cm) were set to prevent deer invasion; and (3) a combination group (June 2019-May 2020), in which a combined electric and wire-netting fence (height, 120cm; set 30cm beyond the electric fence) was set to prevent deer invasion. The average number of sika deer photographed per day with a sensor camera during the cultivation periods of Japanese barnyard millet and Italian ryegrass was respectively 7.4 and 11.1 heads in the control group, 1.6 and 6.1 heads in the electric fence group, and 0 heads in the combination group. Observation of the behavioral responses of sika deer to the fences revealed that the deer repeatedly passed through the electric fence without touching it with the tip of their nose in the electric fence group during the cultivation period of Italian ryegrass, however, the majority of the individuals in the combination group evaded the fences after looking at them merely without trying to pass through them during the cultivation period of both grasses. The reduction in the yield of both grasses was extensive in the control and electric fence groups (89-99<i>%</i> and 32-92<i>%</i>, respectively), while there was no yield reduction in the combination group.</p><p>In conclusion, a combined electric (5-polywires) and wire-netting (height, 120cm) fence effectively prevented sika deer invasions visually in grasslands without causing any harm to the animals.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.14.1_52

Language：English   Publisher：MDPI AG  

<jats:p>This study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on liver growth and metabolism in Japanese Black fetal calves (8.5 months in utero) using an approach that integrates metabolomics and transcriptomics. Dams were fed 60% (low-nutrition; LN) or 120% (high-nutrition; HN) of their overall nutritional requirements during gestation. We found that MUN markedly decreased the body and liver weights of the fetuses; metabolomic analysis revealed that aspartate, glycerol, alanine, gluconate 6-phosphate, and ophthalmate levels were decreased, whereas UDP-glucose, UDP-glucuronate, octanoate, and 2-hydroxybutyrate levels were decreased in the LN fetal liver (p ≤ 0.05). According to metabolite set enrichment analysis, the highly different metabolites were associated with metabolisms including the arginine and proline metabolism, nucleotide and sugar metabolism, propanoate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, and urea cycle. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses revealed that MUN upregulated QRFPR and downregulated genes associated with the glucose homeostasis (G6PC, PCK1, DPP4), ketogenesis (HMGCS2), glucuronidation (UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT2A1), lipid metabolism (ANGPTL4, APOA5, FADS2), cholesterol and steroid homeostasis (FDPS, HSD11B1, HSD17B6), and urea cycle (CPS1, ASS1, ASL, ARG2). These metabolic pathways were extracted as relevant terms in subsequent gene ontology/pathway analyses. Collectively, these results indicate that the citrate cycle was maintained at the expense of activities of the energy metabolism, glucuronidation, steroid hormone homeostasis, and urea cycle in the liver of MUN fetuses.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.3390/metabo12030203

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of this study was to obtain the basic information on the development of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) including malt whisky distillery byproducts for fattening cattle. Fermented TMR consisted of barley distillers grains (BDG), barley distillers solubles (BDS), rice straw, sugar beet pulp and molasses was prepared to determine its fermentation quality, animal preference and nutritive value. Laboratory ensiling method using a plastic pouch for packing was applied to compare the fermentative quality among four treatments: a mixture of 50％ BDG and 50％ BDS in a FM basis (BDG・BDS), a mixture of 40％ BDG and 60％ BDS (BDS60), BDG・BDS with lactic acid bacterial inoculant (BDG・BDS・LAB) and BDS60 with the bacterial inoculant (BDS60・LAB). Flieg score (99 points) of the fermented TMR in the BDS60・LAB pouch was significantly higher than those of other treatments (P＜0.05), suggesting that the quality was much superior to others. The intake rate of the BDS60・LAB by fattening steers increased day by day after feeding, and the average intake rate reached about 80％ on the 3rd day. Thus, it was shown that the animals preferred the BDS60・LAB. Crude protein content and total digestible nutrients of the BDS60・LAB were 15.1 and 68.5％, respectively. In conclusion, malt whisky distillery byproducts prepared by 50％increase of BDS in a mixture of BDG and BDS, rice straw, sugar beet pulp and molasses ensiled with LAB can cause excellent fermentative quality, and relatively higher palatability and nutritive value.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.93

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of feeding rubbed bamboo silage (RBS) instead of rice straw (RS) as roughage for beef cattle at the late fattening stage. Twelve Japanese Black steers (20 months old) were divided into three groups: the first group was fed on 100% RS as roughage (control group); the second and third groups were fed on blended RBS and RS as roughage (representing 70% or 85% of the crude fiber contained in the control group’s RS ration; RBS 70% group and RBS 85% group, respectively). All groups were slaughtered at 28 months of age. The growth, behavior, ruminal pH and carcass traits were investigated. Although the rumination behavior of the RBS 70% group and the RBS 85% group decreased significantly at 21 months of age (P < 0.05), no significant differences were observed in body weight during the experimental period. There were no significant differences in roughage value index (RVI) between the groups. The ruminal pH value of the RBS 70% group was significantly lower than that of the other groups at 27 months of age (P < 0.05), but the value was not indicative of clinical abnormality. The carcass characteristics of the RBS 70% group and the RBS 85% group were comparable to those of the control group. In conclusion, RBS is an acceptable alternative roughage to RS at the 85% level after 20 months of age in terms of meat productivity.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.9

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>アラゲキクラゲ（<i>Auricularia polytricha</i>）廃菌床の飼料化を推進するための基礎的知見を得ることを目的とし，培地材料の異なる廃菌床の繊維，特にデタージェント繊維画分の<i>in vitro</i>消化性を明らかにした．広葉樹オガクズ，米ヌカおよび貝化石を材料とした培地由来の廃菌床を対照区，発酵バガス，黒糖焼酎粕および貝化石を材料とした培地由来の廃菌床を試験区とし，セルラーゼによる乾物およびデタージェント繊維消化率を測定した．NDFomは両区とも乾物中50％以上含まれ，有意な区間差は認められなかった．乾物，NDFomおよびセルロース消化率は対照区と比べて試験区で有意に高かった（P ＜ 0.05）．また，乾物当たりの可消化NDFomおよび可消化セルロース含量についても試験区で有意に高かった（P ＜ 0.05）．以上より，アラゲキクラゲ菌床栽培における発酵バガス主体廃菌床はオガクズ主体廃菌床よりも高い消化性を有することが示された．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.33

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>This study was conducted to examine the fermentative quality and palatability of the fermented total mixed ration (TMR) containing spent mushroom substrate (SMS) derived from culture medium based on different oil palm byproducts, i.e. empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm trunk (OPT). Fermented TMR was composed of 46.5% timothy hay, 8.6% concentrates, 14.6% pineapple residue and less than 0.1% lactic acid bacterial inoculant on a wet basis. The 120-L silos of the fermented TMR were assigned to five treatments (three replicates each): no SMS (control), 5 or 10% fermented EFB-based SMS replacement of control diet and 5 or 10% OPT-based SMS replacement on a wet basis, and their moisture was adjusted to 45-50%. The pH of the fermented TMR in all treatments was less than 4.3. Lactic acid and acetic acid contents were not significantly different among treatments, and butyric acid was not identified in all treatments. Flieg score of the fermented TMR in all treatments was more than 99 points, showing no significant difference among treatments. The palatability of the fermented TMR by beef breeding cows was not different among treatments. It was concluded that EFEB- or OPT-based SMS could replace up to 10% of the fermented TMR without SMS, because fermentative quality and palatability were not different among dietary treatments.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.101

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>夏期（6～9月）において，黒毛和種哺乳子牛6頭（雄1頭および雌5頭）を2群に分け，直射日光を浴びない対照区（雌3頭）と日中6時間自由に直射日光浴が行える試験区（雄1頭および雌2頭）とし，4日齢から10週齢までの間の日光浴の有無が発育に及ぼす影響を検討した．試験期間中，試験区の気温は対照区に比べて有意に高く，相対湿度は有意に低い値であった（P＜0.05）．試験区の紫外線露光量は対照区の100倍以上の値であり，有意に高かった（P＜0.05）．試験区の日射量を考慮した体感温度および温湿度指数はいずれも対照区に比べて試験区で有意に高い値を示した（P＜0.05）．4～17日齢における試験区供試牛の体温は対照区に比べて有意に高かったものの（P＜0.05），呼吸数に差は認められなかった．体重および日増体量に有意な区間差は認められなかった．骨の成長度を示す管囲は，2週齢から10週齢にかけて両区とも同等の増加率となった．また，試験区の供試牛では対照区に比べて舐塩行動が有意に低下した以外，他の行動に違いは認められなかった．以上の結果より，夏期において黒毛和種哺乳子牛に10週齢まで自由に日光浴を行わせた場合，哺乳初期に軽度の暑熱ストレスが負荷されたものの，発育に影響を及ぼすものではなかった．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.125

Language：English   Publisher：Wiley  

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of high and low levels of energy intake during the entire gestation period on the skeletal muscle development, organ development, and adipose tissue accumulation in fetuses of Wagyu (Japanese Black) cows, a breed with highly marbled beef. Cows were allocated to a high‐nutrition (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 6) group (fed 120% of the nutritional requirement) or low‐nutrition (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 6) group (fed 60% of the nutritional requirement). The cows were artificially inseminated with semen from the same sire, and the fetuses were removed by cesarean section at 260 ± 8.3 days of fetal age and slaughtered. The whole‐body, total muscle, adipose, and bone masses of the fetal half‐carcasses were significantly higher in the high‐nutrition group than the low‐nutrition group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0018, 0.009, 0.0004, and 0.0362, respectively). Fifteen of 20 individual muscles, five of six fat depots, nine of 17 organs, and seven of 12 bones that were investigated had significantly higher masses in the high‐nutrition group than the low‐nutrition group. The crude components and amino acid composition of the longissimus muscle significantly differed between the low‐ and high‐nutrition groups. These data indicate that maternal nutrition during gestation has a marked effect on the muscle, bone, and adipose tissue development of Wagyu cattle fetuses.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13600

PubMed

Language：English   Publisher：MDPI AG  

<jats:p>To elucidate the mechanisms underlying maternal undernutrition (MUN)-induced fetal skeletal muscle growth impairment in cattle, the longissimus thoracis muscle of Japanese Black fetal calves at 8.5 months in utero was analyzed by an integrative approach with metabolomics and transcriptomics. The pregnant cows were fed on 60% (low-nutrition, LN) or 120% (high-nutrition, HN) of their overall nutritional requirement during gestation. MUN markedly decreased the bodyweight and muscle weight of the fetus. The levels of amino acids (AAs) and arginine-related metabolites including glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and putrescine were higher in the LN group than those in the HN group. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that the highly different metabolites were associated with the metabolic pathways of pyrimidine, glutathione, and AAs such as arginine and glutamate, suggesting that MUN resulted in AA accumulation rather than protein accumulation. The mRNA expression levels of energy metabolism-associated genes, such as PRKAA1, ANGPTL4, APLNR, CPT1B, NOS2, NOS3, UCP2, and glycolytic genes were lower in the LN group than in the HN group. The gene ontology/pathway analysis revealed that the downregulated genes in the LN group were associated with glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, HIF-1 signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, pentose phosphate, and insulin signaling pathways. Thus, MUN altered the levels of AAs and expression of genes associated with energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, and angiogenesis in the fetal muscle.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.3390/metabo11090582

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本畜産学会  

3色覚であるヒトの色覚異常(2色覚)のうち、Protanopia(P)、Deuteranopia(D)およびTritanopia(T)型の場合にはそれぞれ赤と青緑、赤紫と緑および青と緑の色が識別困難とされる。本研究では生理学的に2色覚とされるニホンジカ(Cervus nippon;以下、シカ)がこれらを識別可能か否かについてオペラント条件付けにより検証した。シカ2頭(推定3歳:オス・メス各1頭)を試験に用いた。1セッションを20試行とし、正刺激として提示した色パネルの選択率80%以上(χ2検定、P<0.01)が3セッション連続でみられた場合、シカは2つの色を識別可能と判定した。オスは18、5および3セッション目、メスは12、14および4セッション目でそれぞれの色の組み合わせを識別できた。以上より、供試したシカはP、DおよびT型のヒトで区別し難い色の組み合わせをすべて識別可能であり、行動学的手法によって導き出されたシカの色識別能力はヒトの2色覚と一致しないことが示された。(著者抄録)

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Science  

<p>In this study, we used behavioral techniques to determine whether the sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) is dichromatic. In discrimination tests, we exposed two sika deer (male and female) to three pairs of colors (red vs. bluish green, reddish purple vs. green, and blue vs. green), which are difficult to discriminate, to represent the three forms of dichromatism （protanopia, deuteranopia and tritanopia) observed in humans. For each color combination, sika deer were simultaneously presented with pairs of color cards in an operant conditioning room, with each session consisting of 20 trials. For each test, the criterion used to define successful discrimination was to make 16 or more choices for color cards presented as positive stimuli out of 20 trials for three sessions in a row (<i>P</i><0.01, Chi-square test). In discrimination tests for each of the three pairs of colors, sika deer fulfilled the discrimination criterion in the 18th, 5th and 3th sessions in the male, and the 12th, 14th and 4th sessions in the female, respectively. In conclusion, from a behavioral perspective, it was suggested that the color discrimination capability of sika deer does not correspond with dichromatism in humans.</p>

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.92.343

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese  

Language：English  

DOI： 10.3389/fendo.2021.797680

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of the present study was to clarify the effects of later period feeding of rubbed bamboo silage (RBS) as roughage for fattening beef cattle. Eight Japanese Black steers (19 months old) were divided into two groups, i.e., one was fed with rice straw as roughage (control group) and the other was fed with the RBS as roughage (experimental group). Both groups were slaughtered at 28 months of age. Body weight gain of the experimental group decreased at 23 to 26 months of age, and the feed efficiency was below zero at 26 months of age (P<0.05). The body weight gain and the feed efficiency of the experimental group were subsequently recovered after 27 months of age. There were no significant differences in ruminal pH between treatments throughout the fattening period, though the percentage of the rumination behavior of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 20 and 24 months of age (P<0.05). The RVI of the experimental group was less than half of the control group at 20 months of age. The similar carcass characteristics were shared in both groups. In conclusion, the transient decrease in the DG at 23 to 26 months of age followed by spontaneous recovery, was observed when the RBS was fed as roughage for fattening beef cattle at 19 to 28 months of age. Therefore, the RBS can be used as alternative to rice straw from the viewpoint of meat productivity.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.64.71

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.19-0265

PubMed

Publisher：農業生産技術管理学会  

DOI： 10.20809/seisan.25.4_93

Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Science  

<p>This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding crushed rice on growth, feed utilization, and meat production of Japanese Black steers. Twelve cattle (11 months old) were allocated into two groups, one fed with formula feed, fermented TMR containing whole crop rice silage, soybean curd residue, and rice straw, and the other fed with ration replacing 5-25％ of the formula feed with crushed rice (mixture of 70％ brown rice and 20％ unhulled rice in a DM basis) in a FM basis according to animal age were prepared. Body weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion were not different between the dietary treatments. Temporary reduction in ruminal pH of the group fed with crushed rice was observed within the standard range in late fattening period. Blood constituents, carcass characteristics and meat quality were not affected by the dietary treatment. It is concluded that gradual replacing of 5-25％ of the formula feed with crushed rice according cattle age does not affect growth, feed utilization and meat production of Japanese Black steers.</p>

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.91.193

Publisher：日本動物遺伝育種学会  

黒毛和種で発生する白斑は、品種の特性に負の影響を与え、一部で経済的損失となる損徴の1つである。本研究では、Fontanesiら(2012)によって西欧品種で白斑の有無と関連があると報告されたMITF遺伝子の変異(g.32386957A&gyT)が黒毛和種でも存在することを確認し、白斑の有無との関連性を検討した。材料には鹿児島県産黒毛和種79頭(正常40頭および白斑39頭)のゲノムDNAを供し、ダイレクトシークエンス法および対立遺伝子特異的PCR法(AS PCR)により当該変異の確認および遺伝子型判定を行った。その結果、黒毛和種でも当該変異の存在を確認できた。さらに、これらを白斑群と正常群に分け、遺伝子頻度についてカイ二乗検定を試みた結果、両群間の遺伝子型構成に高度な有意差があり(P=1.53×10-6)、当該変異が黒毛和種の白斑の有無にも強く関連することを示した。しかし、一部で例外が確認されたことから、当該変異だけでは白斑発生の全てを説明できないことも示唆された。(著者抄録)

Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The effect of feeding milled brown rice on behavior and meat productivity of forest grazing pigs was investigated. An experiment was conducted in a woodland （30 a） of Kagoshima University Forest at Kagoshima-shi, Japan, from June to November, 2014. Eight pigs （average body weight, 44 kg; age, 19 weeks） were grazed using electric fence to separate groups, with each group comprising 4 pigs （1 hog and 3 gilts）. They were assigned to 2 treatments: 1） the control group was provided with commercial diet （CP 14-15％, TDN 77-78％）; and 2） the experimental group was given a mixed diet （commercial diet and milled brown rice: CP 9-13％, TDN 79-80％）. The percentages of brown rice to total diet at the first and the last fattening stages （19-29 w and 30-39 w） were 30％ and 70％, respectively. The amount of feed offered was 100％ of the TDN requirement for maintenance and growth according to the Japanese Feeding Standard for Swine （2013）. Feeding behavior was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group at 22 weeks of age （P＜0.05）. In contrast, rooting behavior of the experimental group was higher than the control group （P＜0.05）. The final body weight was 107 kg for the control group and 104 kg for the experimental group at 39 weeks of age. The feed conversion ratios of the control and experimental groups during the experimental period were 5.2 and 5.3, respectively. The dressing percentage and rib-eye thickness were significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group （P＜0.05）. None of the other traits, such as carcass weight, rib thickness, and back fat thickness, were significantly different between the two groups. As for fatty acid composition of back fat, the percentage of oleic acid was higher in the experimental group than in the control group （P＜0.05）.</p><p>These results indicated that small-scale swine production in the woodland might be feasible in combination with milled brown rice, although it is necessary to study the appropriate feeding method of milled brown rice at the first fattening stage.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.62.11

Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>This study investigated the behavior and meat productivity of Satsuma Black Aigamo ducks (SBA ducks) raised through free ranging in a paddy field. The control (free-ranging SBA ducks in a 0.2 a fallow field) and experimental groups (free-ranging SBA ducks in a 4 a paddy field) comprised 10 (♂5: ♀5) and 8 (♂4: ♀4) birds, respectively, and were fed a commercial diet (crude protein 15%, metabolizable energy 2,800kcal/kg) <i>ad libitum</i> from 1 to 9 weeks of age. After free ranging, both groups were fattened from 9 to 15 weeks of age in a duck shed through <i>ad libitum</i> feeding of the commercial diet, following which all birds were slaughtered. The eating and moving behaviors of the ducks in the experimental group were more intense than those in the control group at 2 and 4 weeks of age (P<0.05). As a result, the free-ranging ducks in the paddy field were more effective in pest and weed control than those in the fallow field. A significant difference was found in the body weight at 9 weeks of age between the treatments (2,513g for control group and 2,855g for experimental group; P<0.05). The feed conversion ratios for the control and experimental groups during the experimental period were 6.8 and 7.2, respectively. The fat color b* score of breast meat was significantly lower in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, the body weight and carcass characteristics at 15 weeks of age were not different between the groups. These findings indicated that SBA ducks had high weed control, pest control, and meat production potential in integrated rice and duck farming.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.11.2_5

Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Breeding and Genetics  

White spotting (WS) is one of the defective appearances in Japanese Black cattle, and can be not only obstacles for improvement of the breed but also cause economic losses of farmers. However, a DNA marker linked to WS has not been found yet in Japanese Black cattle. In this study, we investigated a relationship between a <I>MITF</I> gene SNP (g.32386957 <I>A&gy;T</I> ) related to WS in foreign breeds (Fontanesi <I>et al</I> . 2012) and WS in Japanese Black cattle bred in Kagoshima Prefecture. Forty non-spotted and 39 spotted DNA samples were used for genotyping. Genotyping was performed by either direct sequencing or allele-specific PCR. As a result, we observed both alleles of the g.32386957 <I>A&gy;T</I> SNP in this population. Furthermore, composition of the SNP genotypes was clearly different between non-spotted and spotted groups (<I>P</I> =1.53 × 10^-6), suggesting that the g.32386957 <I>A&gy;T</I> SNP was also strongly associated with WS in Japanese Black cattle. Variation in the <I>MITF</I> gene clearly explained the differences between nonspotted and spotted phenotypes but, at the same time, it was also evident that this SNP is not completely associated with the WS in Japanese Black cattle.

DOI： 10.5924/abgri.48.3

Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，非通電状態の電気柵がシカの通り抜け行動の発現に及ぼす影響について検討した．飼育場（150 m²）内で，1）通電した電気柵（以下，通電区），2）非通電状態の電気柵（以下，非通電区），3）再通電した電気柵（以下，再通電区）をシカ 2 頭（推定年齢 1 歳：♂ ♀ 各 1 頭）に提示し，各区での行動を記録した．通電区での侵入阻止率は 60％，通り抜け率は 25％を示した．非通電区では，侵入阻止率の低下と通り抜け率の上昇がみられ，いずれも通電区との間で有意差が認められた（P ＜ 0.05）．再通電区での侵入阻止率は 36％と通電区よりも低い傾向を示し，通り抜け率は 56％と有意に高かった（P ＜ 0.05）．以上より，非通電状態の電気柵の放置はシカの通り抜けによる侵入を助長し，再通電してもシカの侵入を防止することが困難になる可能性が示唆された．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.62.125

Publisher：日本家畜管理学会  

<p>本研究では，明暗条件下でニホンジカ（<i>Cervus nippon nippon</i>； 以下，シカ）2頭の有彩色（赤，緑および青色）同士の識別能力を明らかにした．試験はT字型迷路で行い，各有彩色同士を対比させ，シカが有彩色を選ぶと報酬（飼料）を与えた．実験室内の照度は，LED電球を点灯した試験1で色パネル中央部が200 lux，点灯しなかった試験2で0.1 luxであった．1セッションを20試行とし，80％以上の正答率（χ²検定，<i>P </i>< 0.01）が3セッション連続で得られた場合，提示した有彩色をシカが識別したと判定した．試験1：点灯下で，2頭のシカは有彩色（赤，緑および青色）をいずれも3セッション目または4セッション目までに識別した．試験2：非点灯下で，シカ2頭は赤色を8セッション目までに，緑および青色を4セッション目までに識別した．以上より，シカは明暗に関係なく，各有彩色同士を識別出来ることが示された．</p>

DOI： 10.20652/abm.54.4_158

Publisher：日本家畜管理学会  

<p>本研究では，明暗条件下でニホンジカ(<i>Cervus nippon nippon</i>；以下，シカ) 2頭（雄雌各1頭）の有彩色（赤，緑および青色）と無彩色（灰色）の識別能力を明らかにした．試験にはT字型迷路を用い，各有彩色と無彩色を対比させ，シカが有彩色を選ぶと報酬(飼料)を与えた．実験室内の色パネル中央部の照度は，LED電球を点灯した試験1で200lux，点灯しなかった試験2で0.1luxであった．1セッションを20試行とし，80％以上の正答率（χ²検定，P < 0.01）が3セッション連続で得られた場合，提示した有彩色をシカが識別したと判定した．試験1：点灯下で，2頭のシカは有彩色（緑，赤および青色）と無彩色（灰色）をいずれも4セッション目までに識別した．試験2：非点灯下で，シカ2頭は緑および青色を3セッション目まで，赤色を6セッション目までに識別した．以上より，シカは明暗に関係なく，各有彩色と無彩色を識別出来ることが示された．</p>

DOI： 10.20652/abm.54.3_134

Publisher：日本家畜管理学会  

<p>本研究では、農業生産現場におけるガチョウの除草利用に向けた基礎的知見を得ることを目的とし、甘味（スクロース）、塩味（塩化ナトリウム）、酸味（クエン酸一水和物）、苦味（塩酸キニーネ）および旨味（グルタミン酸ナトリウム）に対するガチョウの味覚反応を2瓶選択法で明らかにした。これらの味物質を水道水で溶かし、それぞれ11段階の濃度を設け、低濃度から高濃度に向けて上昇法で試験を行った。水道水を対照とした総飲水量に対する味溶液の摂取割合を選好指数とし、χ²検定（5％水準）により選好指数39.7から60.3％を不弁別範囲、60.3％以上を嗜好範囲、39.7％以下を拒絶範囲と定義した。その結果、ガチョウは甘味濃度0.02から20％の溶液に対して嗜好も拒絶も示さなかった。一方、塩味、酸味、苦味および旨味に対してはそれぞれ2.5、0.32、0.04および5％以上で拒絶反応を示した。以上より、ガチョウはどの味物質に対しても嗜好を示さなかったものの、塩味、酸味および旨味に比べて苦味に対してはより低濃度から拒絶を示した。したがって、ガチョウは塩味、酸味および旨味よりも苦味に敏感であり、味覚により飼料を選択採食していることが示唆された。</p>

DOI： 10.20652/abm.54.2_68

Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>We evaluated the effects of feeding milled brown rice on the meat productivity of forest-grazing pigs. An experiment was conducted in a woodland (20a) in Kagoshima-shi, Japan, from May to December 2013. Eight hogs (average body weight, 28kg ; age, 18 weeks) were allowed to graze in 2 groups separated using an electric fence with each group comprising 4 pigs. They were assigned to 2 treatments, where the 1) control group was provided with commercial diet (crude protein [CP] 14-15%, total digestible nutrients [TDN] 77-78%) and the 2) experimental group was given fermented diet (60% milled brown rice, 20% screened sweet potato, and 20% rice bran : CP 8% and TDN 69%). This amount of feed satisfied 100% of the TDN requirement set by the Japanese Feeding Standard for Swine (2013). Resting and feeding behaviors were significantly less intense in the experimental group than in the control group on days 9 and 75 (P<0.05). In contrast, rooting behavior in the experimental group was more intense than that in the control group on days 9 and 75 (P<0.05). The body weight after 25 weeks was significantly less in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05). The final body weight was 109kg for the control group (at week 37) and 98kg for the experimental group (at week 46). The feed conversion ratios for the control and experimental groups during the experimental period were 4.6 and 8.4, respectively. The rib eye and rib were significantly thinner in the experimental group (P<0.05), while none of the carcass yield traits, such as carcass weight or dressing percentage, was significantly different between the two groups. The experimental group showed a low preference to milled brown rice, thereby feed efficiency at the first fattening stage (30-70kg) was also lower in this group than in the control group. However, there were no differences in the daily gain and feed conversion ratios between the two groups at the last stage (over 70kg).</p><p>These results indicate that small-scale swine production in woodlands can be feasible if combined with self-supplied feed, including milled brown rice. Nevertheless, it is necessary to study more appropriate methods of feeding milled brown rice to swine at the first fattening stage.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.10.2_25

Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>We evaluated the effects of free-range goslings on weeds in a tea field from May 24 to July 7, 2014. Two treatments were applied: 1） no goslings, on a control plot of 0.3 a, and 2） four free-ranging goslings （body weight, 570 g; age, 24 days） on an experimental plot of 0.9 a. The goslings were provided with supplementary feed every morning （50% of nutrient requirement）. The goslings spent the most time grazing on Day 6. The goslings grazed preferentially on <i>Bromus catharticus</i> Vahl and <i>Trifolium repens</i> L. The percentage of bare ground in the experimental plot was significantly larger than that in the control plot on Day 44（ P < 0.05）. There was also a significant difference in the herbage mass between the two treatments on Day 44（ P < 0.05）, with an average of 330 kg dry matter/10 a and 43 kg dry matter/10 a in the control and experimental plots, respectively. The average body weights of the goslings on Days 22 and 44 were 1,506, and 2,073 g, respectively. In conclusion, free-ranging goslings effectively weeded a tea field, making it an appropriate context in which to raise them.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.61.21

DOI： 10.1111/asj.12716

PubMed

Publisher：日本有機農業学会  

<p>舎飼条件下での薩摩黒鴨^TM（Satsuma Black <i>Aigamo</i> duck^TM：以下，SBA）の産肉性を南九州のアイガモ農法で広く使用されている薩摩鴨^TM（Satsuma <i>Aigamo</i> duck^TM：以下，SA）との比較から明らかにした．17週齢時の体重はSAで1,954gおよびSBAで3,114gとなり，両者の間に有意差が認められた（P<0.05）．飼料要求率はSAに比べ，SBAで低かった．解体時のムネ肉重量はSBAで671gとなり，SAの363gに比べ，有意に大きかった（P<0.05）．ムネ肉の官能評価では，うま味でSBAがSAに比べ，劣っていた（P<0.05）ものの，他の項目に両者で差がみられなかった．ムネ肉中のグルタミン酸含量はSBAで7.1mg/100gとなり，SAの10.5mg/100gに比べ，有意に低く（P<0.05），官能評価の結果を裏付けるものであった．以上より，SBAはムネ肉のうま味ではSAに劣るものの，高い産肉能力（肉量や飼料利用性）を有しており，アイガモ農法における新たな肉用アイガモになり得る可能性が示された．</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.9.2_43

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