Language：English   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>This study aimed to obtain basic knowledge to improve the effectiveness of electric fences in preventing sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) from invading grasslands. We used behavioral techniques to determine whether certain colors used in electric fences are difficult to distinguish from that of cool-season forage grass (Italian ryegrass <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam.). In an operant conditioning room (4 × 8 m), a pair of colored panels (0.4 × 0.3 m) was presented to each captive sika deer (one male and one female) per session. Green-yellow was used as the positive stimulus and purple, purple-blue, blue, blue-green, green, yellow, yellow-red, red, or red-purple were negative stimuli. Each session consisted of 15 trials for the male and 20 trials for the female. The criterion for successful discrimination was to achieve a minimum of 80% correct choices for the male and 75% for the female sika deer out of the total trials for three consecutive sessions (<i>P</i> < 0.05, Chi-square test) by the 20^th session. Both male and female sika deer could discriminate between green-yellow and the other colors, except yellow. These results indicate that certain wire colors are difficult for sika deer to distinguish when an electric fence is installed in grasslands.</p><p><i>Journal of Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan 67 （2）: 73-82, 2024</i></p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.67.73

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.11461/jwaras.67.73

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，アイガモの放飼が水田の動物相に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために，農林水産省農林水産技術会議事務局ら（2012）が公表した「農業に有用な生物多様性の指標生物調査・評価マニュアル」を基にアイガモを放飼せずに手取り除草を行った水田（対照区）とアイガモを放飼した水田（試験区）でアシナガグモ類，コモリグモ類，ウスバキトンボ，イトトンボ類および水生コウチュウ類を指標生物として，両者の生物多様性を比較した．試験区では，アイガモによるイネウンカ類の顕著な駆虫効果が認められる一方で，田面水に生息するウスバキトンボの幼虫と水生コウチュウ類に対する捕食圧も高かった．しかしながら，イネウンカ類の天敵であるアシナガグモ類とコモリグモ類の減少はみられず，アイガモの水田放飼は水田全体の生物多様性を大きく低下させるものではなく，むしろ生物多様性を高いレベルで維持することが示唆された．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.66.61

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>This study investigated the effects of feeding self-sufficient feed (dried bonito extract residue [DBER], rice screenings, and rice bran) on meat and egg productivity, as well as DHA content in the meat and egg yolk of the cross-bred Satsuma Black <i>Aigamo</i> duck (<i>Aigamo</i> duck) under free-ranging conditions.</p><p>In experiment 1, 12 <i>Aigamo</i> ducks (♂4: ♀8, 1 week old) were assigned to one of two treatments. The control group was provided with a commercially available diet (crude protein, 15.2%; metabolizable energy, 2,800kcal/kg) and the experimental group was given a self-sufficient diet (40% DBER, 40% rice screenings, and 20% rice bran) (crude protein, 26.9％). The feed conversion ratios of the control and experimental groups from 1 to 15 weeks of age were 5.4 and 4.9, respectively. The body weight and carcass characteristics at 15 weeks of age were not different between the two groups. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of the breast meat of the experimental group was 294mg/100g, but DHA was not detected in the control group.</p><p>In experiment 2, 26 <i>Aigamo</i> ducks (♂6: ♀20, 26 weeks old) were assigned to one of two treatments. The control group was provided with a commercially available diet (crude protein, 15%; metabolizable energy, 2,800kcal/kg) and the experimental group was given a self-sufficient diet (50% DBER, 30% rice screenings, 10% rice bran, and 10% oyster shell) (crude protein, 29.7％). The feed conversion ratios of the control and experimental groups from 26 to 51 weeks of age were 3.4 and 3.1, respectively. Egg weight was significantly greater in the experimental group than the control group (<i>P</i><0.01). A significant difference was found in the egg production rate between the control and experimental groups (control group, 80.3%; experimental group, 83.6%; <i>P</i><0.01). However, the two groups showed no significant differences in hatchability. The DHA content of the egg yolk was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (<i>P</i><0.01).</p><p>The results indicated that DBER, rice screenings, and rice bran may be a promising self-sufficient feed for <i>Aigamo</i> ducks and it may improve the quality of their products.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.15.1_4

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Science  

<p>We investigated the efficacy of electric fencing for preventing Amami rabbit (<i>Pentalagus furnessi</i>) invasions of agricultural lands. We installed electric fences (three polywires at heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm above the ground, respectively) to prevent Amami rabbit invasions of a Tankan (<i>Citrus tankan</i> Hayata) orchard (circumference : 100 m, area : approximately 300 m²) on Tokunoshima island. The efficacy of electric fencing was assessed during two periods-23 days before fence setup and 406 days after fence setup. Relative abundance index (RAI) of Amami rabbit invasions photographed by a sensor camera during the former and latter periods was 43.5 and 0.2, respectively, that is, it was significantly reduced after fencing (<i>P</i><0.05). We observed the following behavioral responses from moving images of 1,062 heads of Amami rabbits photographed by the sensor camera set along the outside of the fence : one Amami rabbit passed through the wires, five suffered electric shocks by touching the wires with their lips, and most avoided the fences; there was no damage to tankan plants. The materials for the fence cost 77,200 yen and the fence setup took approximately an hour of work from two people. The farmer confirmed that maintenance of the fence was not burdensome. In conclusion, electric fencing is useful for preventing Amami rabbit invasions of agricultural lands.</p>

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.94.61

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，農地へのアマミノクロウサギ（<i>Pentalagus furnessi</i>）の侵入防止に有効な物理柵の開発に向けた基礎的知見を得ることを目的とし，アマミノクロウサギの通り抜け防止に有効な柵の網目サイズ（隙間）について検討した．飼育アマミノクロウサギ2頭（個体AおよびB）に正方形または長方形（縦長もしくは横長）の隙間（入口）を設けた仕切り板を最大60分間提示した．個体Aは一辺が12cmの正方形の隙間を通り抜けたものの，一辺が8cmの場合には腰部までしか通過せず，通り抜けに失敗した．長辺を12cmとした縦長または横長長方形の隙間についても，個体Aは短辺が8cmの場合にいずれも通り抜けに失敗した．一方，個体Bは正方形および長方形のいずれの隙間においても，一辺が4cmの場合に通り抜けを断念した．以上より，アマミノクロウサギの通り抜けによる侵入を防ぐことができる物理柵の網目サイズは一辺が4cm以下であることが示された．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.66.19

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，飼育アマミノクロウサギを用いて柵上部の折り返し長さと角度が跳躍ならびに登攀による侵入の防止に及ぼす影響について検討した．高さ50，75および100cmのワイヤーメッシュ柵（目合い：縦4cm×横5cm）を飼育個体にそれぞれ3日間提示したところ，高さ50cmでは跳躍による侵入がみられた．次に，上部に10，15および20cmでそれぞれ45°および90°の折り返しを設けたいずれも高さ50cmのワイヤーメッシュ柵（目合い：縦5cm×横4cm）を同様に提示したところ，跳躍による侵入はいずれの柵においても防ぐことができなかったが，登攀による侵入は15または20cmで45°または90°の場合に防止することができた．これらの結果から，上部に長さ15cm以上，角度45～90°の折り返しを設けた高さ75cm以上の柵はアマミノクロウサギの跳躍と登攀による侵入の防止に有効である可能性が示された． </p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.66.7

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>In this study, we investigated the effect of energized and non-energized 5-polywires electric fences (heights of 5-polywires: 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140cm) in preventing invasion by captive sika deer (<i>C. n. nippon</i>). Two experiments were conducted in an identical enclosure (400×600cm). In the first experiment, two 2-year-old captive sika deer (one male, one female) exposed to energized electric fences exhibited exploratory behavior toward the wires with their lips. Once the animals received an electric shock, they responded by either passing through the wires or stepping back from them. After receiving electric shocks by touching the wires a few times, the animals began to avoid the fences. The invasion-prevention percentage for both the female and male deer was 100% on day 4 after exposure to energized electric fences. In the second experiment, when the animals previously exposed to energized fences were exposed to non-energized fences, the female and male deer avoided the fences in the beginning but exhibited exploratory behavior toward the wires by touching with their lips on days 4 and 19 after exposure, respectively. Thereafter, female and male deer finally passed through the wires on days 7 and 43, respectively. Passing through was only observed between the wires placed at heights 40 and 70cm. The invasion-prevention percentage for both deer decreased gradually and was less than 20% at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, energized electric fences were highly effective in preventing invasion by sika deer. However, it was shown that sika deer passed through non-energized electric fences within a week of exposure even though they had previously received an electric shock from energized electric fences and learnt to avoid them. These results indicate the importance of daily maintenance of electric fences to keep them energizing.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.14.1_73

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SCIENCE  

<p>The present study explored the effectiveness of a physical protective fence in combination with an electric fence in preventing sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) invasions in grasslands. Specifically, we implemented a combined wire-netting and electric fence to prevent the invasion of sika deer in meadows and comprehensively evaluated the effectiveness of this strategy from the viewpoints of effort and cost for fence setup and maintenance. Further, we compared the frequency of emergence of sika deer as well as the yield of Japanese barnyard millet (<i>Echinochloa utilis</i> Ohwi et Yabuno) during summer cultivation and Italian ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum </i>Lam.) during winter cultivation. The following three treatments were assigned: (1) a control group (May 2017-May 2018), in which no measures to prevent deer invasion were implemented; (2) an electric fence group (June 2018-May 2019), in which electric fences (5-polywires, height: 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140cm) were set to prevent deer invasion; and (3) a combination group (June 2019-May 2020), in which a combined electric and wire-netting fence (height, 120cm; set 30cm beyond the electric fence) was set to prevent deer invasion. The average number of sika deer photographed per day with a sensor camera during the cultivation periods of Japanese barnyard millet and Italian ryegrass was respectively 7.4 and 11.1 heads in the control group, 1.6 and 6.1 heads in the electric fence group, and 0 heads in the combination group. Observation of the behavioral responses of sika deer to the fences revealed that the deer repeatedly passed through the electric fence without touching it with the tip of their nose in the electric fence group during the cultivation period of Italian ryegrass, however, the majority of the individuals in the combination group evaded the fences after looking at them merely without trying to pass through them during the cultivation period of both grasses. The reduction in the yield of both grasses was extensive in the control and electric fence groups (89-99<i>%</i> and 32-92<i>%</i>, respectively), while there was no yield reduction in the combination group.</p><p>In conclusion, a combined electric (5-polywires) and wire-netting (height, 120cm) fence effectively prevented sika deer invasions visually in grasslands without causing any harm to the animals.</p>

DOI： 10.24757/joas.14.1_52

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of feeding rubbed bamboo silage (RBS) instead of rice straw (RS) as roughage for beef cattle at the late fattening stage. Twelve Japanese Black steers (20 months old) were divided into three groups: the first group was fed on 100% RS as roughage (control group); the second and third groups were fed on blended RBS and RS as roughage (representing 70% or 85% of the crude fiber contained in the control group’s RS ration; RBS 70% group and RBS 85% group, respectively). All groups were slaughtered at 28 months of age. The growth, behavior, ruminal pH and carcass traits were investigated. Although the rumination behavior of the RBS 70% group and the RBS 85% group decreased significantly at 21 months of age (P < 0.05), no significant differences were observed in body weight during the experimental period. There were no significant differences in roughage value index (RVI) between the groups. The ruminal pH value of the RBS 70% group was significantly lower than that of the other groups at 27 months of age (P < 0.05), but the value was not indicative of clinical abnormality. The carcass characteristics of the RBS 70% group and the RBS 85% group were comparable to those of the control group. In conclusion, RBS is an acceptable alternative roughage to RS at the 85% level after 20 months of age in terms of meat productivity.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.9

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>In order to enhance the capability of electric fences to prevent invasion of sika deer (C<i>ervus nippon</i>) passing through them, we investigated the addition of physical protective fences. The study focused on the best height above the ground of the physical protection fence and its distance from an electric fence. In outdoor experimental corral (1,300×400 cm), 1) the polypropylene cord fences (height of 5-cords; 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140 cm), 2) a combination of the cord fences and a polyethylene net (heights: 60, 90, and 120 cm) at a set distance of 30 cm behind the cord fences, 3) a combination of the cord fences and a net with a height of 120 cm behind the cord fences (at set distances: 30, 60, and 90 cm) were presented to two 3-year-old captive sika deer (one male, and one female), and then, their behavioral responses to these fences were recorded. 1) Both deer passed through the cord fences, but only between the cords of 40 cm and 70 cm above the ground. The invasion-prevention percentage for both deer was 0%. 2) The invasion-prevention percentage for both deer ranged from 0-35% when the heights of the net were 60 and 90 cm, and it reached 100% when the height of the net was 120 cm. 3) The invasion-prevention percentage for both deer was high in all set distances. On the other hand, the deer behavior posing a risk of damaging the net fences was observed when the set distance was 60 cm or more.</p>
<p>Conclusively, when the net fence is combined together with the electric fence, the high invasion prevention effect may be induced upon setting up the net fence at a height of 120 cm and at a set distance of 30 cm behind the electric fence.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.25

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>This study was conducted to examine the fermentative quality and palatability of the fermented total mixed ration (TMR) containing spent mushroom substrate (SMS) derived from culture medium based on different oil palm byproducts, i.e. empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm trunk (OPT). Fermented TMR was composed of 46.5% timothy hay, 8.6% concentrates, 14.6% pineapple residue and less than 0.1% lactic acid bacterial inoculant on a wet basis. The 120-L silos of the fermented TMR were assigned to five treatments (three replicates each): no SMS (control), 5 or 10% fermented EFB-based SMS replacement of control diet and 5 or 10% OPT-based SMS replacement on a wet basis, and their moisture was adjusted to 45-50%. The pH of the fermented TMR in all treatments was less than 4.3. Lactic acid and acetic acid contents were not significantly different among treatments, and butyric acid was not identified in all treatments. Flieg score of the fermented TMR in all treatments was more than 99 points, showing no significant difference among treatments. The palatability of the fermented TMR by beef breeding cows was not different among treatments. It was concluded that EFEB- or OPT-based SMS could replace up to 10% of the fermented TMR without SMS, because fermentative quality and palatability were not different among dietary treatments.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.101

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，アマミノクロウサギ（<i>Pentalagus furnessi</i>）の農地への侵入防止法確立に向けた基礎的知見を得ることを目的とし，カイウサギ（<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>）をモデル動物として，それらが通り抜け出来ない電気柵の架線高について検討を行った．</p>
<p>飼槽とカイウサギを遮る形で2段張り電気柵を設置し，柵本器から3,500～4,000Vのパルス電流を通電した．15および30㎝に架線した電気柵では，4個体すべてが口唇で15㎝の架線に触れ，その際に電気刺激を感受する状況が確認された．しかしながら，うち3頭が15㎝の架線下を通り抜け，侵入に成功した．10および20㎝の架線では，供試した4個体すべてで10㎝の架線に接触した後，後退する状況が観察され，飼槽側に侵入した個体は皆無であった．</p>
<p>以上より，カイウサギの侵入防止に有効な2段張り電気柵の架線の高さは10および20㎝であることが示された．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.37

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of this study was to obtain the basic information on the development of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) including malt whisky distillery byproducts for fattening cattle. Fermented TMR consisted of barley distillers grains (BDG), barley distillers solubles (BDS), rice straw, sugar beet pulp and molasses was prepared to determine its fermentation quality, animal preference and nutritive value. Laboratory ensiling method using a plastic pouch for packing was applied to compare the fermentative quality among four treatments: a mixture of 50％ BDG and 50％ BDS in a FM basis (BDG・BDS), a mixture of 40％ BDG and 60％ BDS (BDS60), BDG・BDS with lactic acid bacterial inoculant (BDG・BDS・LAB) and BDS60 with the bacterial inoculant (BDS60・LAB). Flieg score (99 points) of the fermented TMR in the BDS60・LAB pouch was significantly higher than those of other treatments (P＜0.05), suggesting that the quality was much superior to others. The intake rate of the BDS60・LAB by fattening steers increased day by day after feeding, and the average intake rate reached about 80％ on the 3rd day. Thus, it was shown that the animals preferred the BDS60・LAB. Crude protein content and total digestible nutrients of the BDS60・LAB were 15.1 and 68.5％, respectively. In conclusion, malt whisky distillery byproducts prepared by 50％increase of BDS in a mixture of BDG and BDS, rice straw, sugar beet pulp and molasses ensiled with LAB can cause excellent fermentative quality, and relatively higher palatability and nutritive value.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.65.93

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Science  

<p>In this study, we used behavioral techniques to determine whether the sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) is dichromatic. In discrimination tests, we exposed two sika deer (male and female) to three pairs of colors (red vs. bluish green, reddish purple vs. green, and blue vs. green), which are difficult to discriminate, to represent the three forms of dichromatism （protanopia, deuteranopia and tritanopia) observed in humans. For each color combination, sika deer were simultaneously presented with pairs of color cards in an operant conditioning room, with each session consisting of 20 trials. For each test, the criterion used to define successful discrimination was to make 16 or more choices for color cards presented as positive stimuli out of 20 trials for three sessions in a row (<i>P</i><0.01, Chi-square test). In discrimination tests for each of the three pairs of colors, sika deer fulfilled the discrimination criterion in the 18th, 5th and 3th sessions in the male, and the 12th, 14th and 4th sessions in the female, respectively. In conclusion, from a behavioral perspective, it was suggested that the color discrimination capability of sika deer does not correspond with dichromatism in humans.</p>

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.92.343

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本畜産学会  

3色覚であるヒトの色覚異常(2色覚)のうち、Protanopia(P)、Deuteranopia(D)およびTritanopia(T)型の場合にはそれぞれ赤と青緑、赤紫と緑および青と緑の色が識別困難とされる。本研究では生理学的に2色覚とされるニホンジカ(Cervus nippon;以下、シカ)がこれらを識別可能か否かについてオペラント条件付けにより検証した。シカ2頭(推定3歳:オス・メス各1頭)を試験に用いた。1セッションを20試行とし、正刺激として提示した色パネルの選択率80%以上(χ2検定、P<0.01)が3セッション連続でみられた場合、シカは2つの色を識別可能と判定した。オスは18、5および3セッション目、メスは12、14および4セッション目でそれぞれの色の組み合わせを識別できた。以上より、供試したシカはP、DおよびT型のヒトで区別し難い色の組み合わせをすべて識別可能であり、行動学的手法によって導き出されたシカの色識別能力はヒトの2色覚と一致しないことが示された。(著者抄録)

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本暖地畜産学会  

<p>本研究では，アマミノクロウサギ（<i>Pentalagus furnessi</i>）の農地への侵入防止法確立に向けた基礎的知見を得ることを目的とし，飼育アマミノクロウサギ3頭に対して高さ90cmのワイヤーメッシュ柵（目合5×5cm）を提示し，その行動反応を明らかにした． 柵設置後3日間で3頭のアマミノクロウサギは延べ74～179回柵に接近し，柵の上部を見上げる，柵のにおいを嗅ぐ，柵を噛むという3つの探索行動を示した後，多くの場合で後退して侵入を断念した．その一方で，1頭は跳躍（1回），もう1頭は登攀（16回）による侵入を試み，後者では1回，柵を乗り越えて反対側への侵入に成功した．以上より，アマミノクロウサギは高さ90cmのワイヤーメッシュ柵に対し，視覚，嗅覚ならびに触覚的な探索を示すとともに，跳躍または登攀により侵入を試みることが明らかになった．</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.64.77

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Warm Regional Society of Animal Science, Japan  

<p>The objective of the present study was to clarify the effects of later period feeding of rubbed bamboo silage (RBS) as roughage for fattening beef cattle. Eight Japanese Black steers (19 months old) were divided into two groups, i.e., one was fed with rice straw as roughage (control group) and the other was fed with the RBS as roughage (experimental group). Both groups were slaughtered at 28 months of age. Body weight gain of the experimental group decreased at 23 to 26 months of age, and the feed efficiency was below zero at 26 months of age (P<0.05). The body weight gain and the feed efficiency of the experimental group were subsequently recovered after 27 months of age. There were no significant differences in ruminal pH between treatments throughout the fattening period, though the percentage of the rumination behavior of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 20 and 24 months of age (P<0.05). The RVI of the experimental group was less than half of the control group at 20 months of age. The similar carcass characteristics were shared in both groups. In conclusion, the transient decrease in the DG at 23 to 26 months of age followed by spontaneous recovery, was observed when the RBS was fed as roughage for fattening beef cattle at 19 to 28 months of age. Therefore, the RBS can be used as alternative to rice straw from the viewpoint of meat productivity.</p>

DOI： 10.11461/jwaras.64.71

CiNii Research

Event date： 2024.10

Venue：熊本  

Language：Japanese  

Venue：佐賀  

Venue：佐賀  

Venue：岐阜県  

Venue：福岡