Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The larvacean Oikopleura dioica is a cosmopolitan planktonic chordate and is closely related to vertebrates. It is characterized by a tadpole-shaped morphology with notochord flanked by muscle in the tail and brain on the dorsal side, a short life cycle of five days, a compact genome of approximately 56 Mb, a simple and transparent body with a small number of cells (~4000 in functional juveniles), invariant embryonic cell lineages, and fast development that ensures complete morphogenesis and organ formation 10 h after fertilization. With these features, this marine chordate is a promising and advantageous animal model in which genetic manipulation is feasible. In this review, we introduce relevant resources and modern techniques that have been developed: (1) Genome and transcriptomes. Oikopleura dioica has the smallest genome among non-parasitic metazoans. Its genome databases have been generated using three geographically distant O. dioica populations, and several intra-species sequence differences are becoming evident; (2) Functional genetic knockdown techniques. Comprehensive screening of genes is feasible using ovarian microinjection and double-strand DNA-induced gene knockdown; and (3) Live imaging of embryos and larvae. Application of these techniques has uncovered novel aspects of development, including meiotic cell arrest, left-right patterning, epidermal cell patterning, and mouth formation involving the connection of ectoderm and endoderm sheets. Oikopleura dioca has become very useful for developmental and evolutionary studies in chordates.

DOI： 10.1111/dgd.12769

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The endostyle is a ventral pharyngeal organ used for internal filter feeding of basal chordates and is considered homologous to the follicular thyroid of vertebrates. It contains mucus-producing (glandular) and thyroid-equivalent regions organized along the dorsoventral (DV) axis. Although thyroid-related genes (Nkx2-1, FoxE, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)) are known to be expressed in the endostyle, their roles in establishing regionalization within the organ have not been demonstrated. We report that Nkx2-1 and FoxE are essential for establishing DV axial identity in the endostyle of Oikopleura dioica. Genome and expression analyses showed von Willebrand factor-like (vWFL) and TPO/dual oxidase (Duox)/Nkx2-1/FoxE as orthologs of glandular and thyroid-related genes, respectively. Knockdown experiments showed that Nkx2-1 is necessary for the expression of glandular and thyroid-related genes, whereas FoxE is necessary only for thyroid-related genes. Moreover, Nkx2-1 expression is necessary for FoxE expression in larvae during organogenesis. The results demonstrate the essential roles of Nkx2-1 and FoxE in establishing regionalization in the endostyle, including (1) the Nkx2-1-dependent glandular region, and (2) the Nkx2-1/FoxE-dependent thyroid-equivalent region. DV axial regionalization may be responsible for organizing glandular and thyroid-equivalent traits of the pharynx along the DV axis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.021

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Mouth formation involves the processes of mouth opening, formation of the oral cavity, and the development of associated sensory organs. In deuterostomes, the surface ectoderm and the anterior part of the archenteron are reconfigured and reconnected to make a mouth opening. This study of the larval development of the larvacean, Oikopleura dioica, investigates the cellular organization of the oral region, the developmental processes of the mouth, and the formation of associated sensory cells. O. dioica is a simple chordate whose larvae are transparent and have a small number of constituent cells. It completes organ morphogenesis in 7 h, between hatching 3 h after fertilization and the juvenile stage at 10 h, when it attains adult form and starts to feed. It has two types of mechanosensory cell embedded in the oral epithelium, which is a single layer of cells. There are twenty coronal sensory cells in the circumoral nerve ring and two dorsal sensory organ cells. Two bilateral lip precursor cells (LPCs), facing the anterior surface, divide dorsoventrally and make a wedge-shaped cleft between the two daughter cells named the dorsal lip cell (DLC) and the ventral lip cell (VLC). Eventually, the DLC and VLC become detached and separated into dorsal and ventral lips, triggering mouth opening. This is an intriguing example of cell division itself contributing to morphogenesis. The boundary between the ectoderm and endoderm is present between the lip cells and coronal sensory cells. All oral sensory cells, including dorsal sensory organ cells, were of endodermal origin and were not derived from the ectodermal placode. These observations on mouth formation provide a cellular basis for further studies at a molecular level, in this simple chordate.

DOI： 10.1007/s00427-020-00667-4

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The larvacean Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate and is a tunicate that belongs to the closest relatives to vertebrates. Its simple and transparent body, invariant embryonic cell lineages, and short life cycle of 5 days make it a promising model organism for the study of developmental biology. The genome browser OikoBase was established in 2013 using Norwegian O. dioica. However, genome information for other populations is not available, even though many researchers have studied local populations. In the present study, we sequenced using Illumina and PacBio RSII technologies the genome of O. dioica from a southwestern Japanese population that was cultured in our laboratory for 3 years. The genome of Japanese O. dioica was assembled into 576 scaffold sequences with a total length and N50 length of 56.6 and 1.5 Mb, respectively. A total of 18,743 gene models (transcript models) were predicted in the genome assembly, named OSKA2016. In addition, 19,277 non-redundant transcripts were assembled using RNA-seq data. The OSKA2016 has global sequence similarity of only 86.5% when compared with the OikoBase, highlighting the sequence difference between the two far distant O. dioica populations on the globe. The genome assembly, transcript assembly, and transcript models were incorporated into ANISEED (https://www.aniseed.cnrs.fr/) for genome browsing and BLAST searches. Mapping of reads obtained from male- or female-specific genome libraries yielded male-specific scaffolds in the OSKA2016 and revealed that over 2.6 Mb of sequence were included in the male-specific Y-region. The genome and transcriptome resources from two distinct populations will be useful datasets for developmental biology, evolutionary biology, and molecular ecology using this model organism.

DOI： 10.1111/dgd.12689

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Unfertilized eggs of most animals are arrested at a certain point in the meiotic cell cycles. Reinitiation of meiosis and the start of embryogenesis are triggered by fertilization. This arrest is essential for preventing parthenogenetic activation and for promoting proper initiation of development by fertilization. In the larvacean Oikopleura dioica, which is a simple model organism for studies of chordate development, the unfertilized egg is arrested at metaphase of meiosis I. We show here that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is essential for maintenance of meiotic arrest after spawning of oocytes. Knockdown (KD) of the maternal PP2A catalytic subunit, which was found in functional screening of maternal factors, caused unfertilized eggs to spontaneously release polar bodies after spawning, and then start pseudo-cleavages without fertilization, namely, parthenogenesis. Parthenogenetic embryos failed to undergo proper mitosis and cytokinesis because of lack of a centrosome, which is to be brought into the egg by a sperm. Activation of the KD oocytes was triggered by possible rise of ambient and intracellular pH upon their release from the gonad into seawater at spawning. Live recording of intracellular calcium level of the KD oocytes indicated that the pH rise caused an aberrant Ca2+ burst, which mimicked the Ca2+ burst that occurs at fertilization. Then, the aberrant Ca2+ burst triggered meiosis resumption through Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK II). Therefore, PP2A is essential for maintenance of meiotic arrest and prevention of parthenogenesis by suppressing the aberrant Ca2+ burst at spawning.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.005

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Larvaceans are chordates with a tadpole-like morphology. In contrast to most chordates of which early embryonic morphology is bilaterally symmetric and the left-right (L-R) axis is specified by the Nodal pathway later on, invariant L-R asymmetry emerges in four-cell embryos of larvaceans. The asymmetric cell arrangements exist through development of the tailbud. The tail thus twists 90° in a counterclockwise direction relative to the trunk, and the tail nerve cord localizes on the left side. Here, we demonstrate that larvacean embryos have nonconventional L-R asymmetries: 1) L- and R-cells of the two-cell embryo had remarkably asymmetric cell fates; 2) Ca2+ oscillation occurred through embryogenesis; 3) Nodal, an evolutionarily conserved left-determining gene, was absent in the genome; and 4) bone morphogenetic protein gene (Bmp) homolog Bmp.a showed right-sided expression in the tailbud and larvae. We also showed that Ca2+ oscillation is required for Bmp.a expression, and that BMP signaling suppresses ectopic expression of neural genes. These results indicate that there is a chordate species lacking Nodal that utilizes Ca2+ oscillation and Bmp.a for embryonic L-R patterning. The right-side Bmp.a expression may have arisen via cooption of conventional BMP signaling in order to restrict neural gene expression on the left side.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1916858117

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ANISEED (https://www.aniseed.cnrs.fr) is the main model organism database for the worldwide community of scientists working on tunicates, the vertebrate sister-group. Information provided for each species includes functionally-annotated gene and transcript models with orthology relationships within tunicates, and with echinoderms, cephalochordates and vertebrates. Beyond genes the system describes other genetic elements, including repeated elements and cis-regulatory modules. Gene expression profiles for several thousand genes are formalized in both wild-type and experimentally-manipulated conditions, using formal anatomical ontologies. These data can be explored through three complementary types of browsers, each offering a different view-point. A developmental browser summarizes the information in a gene- or territory-centric manner. Advanced genomic browsers integrate the genetic features surrounding genes or gene sets within a species. A Genomicus synteny browser explores the conservation of local gene order across deuterostome. This new release covers an extended taxonomic range of 14 species, including for the first time a non-ascidian species, the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica. Functional annotations, provided for each species, were enhanced through a combination of manual curation of gene models and the development of an improved orthology detection pipeline. Finally, gene expression profiles and anatomical territories can be explored in 4D online through the newly developed Morphonet morphogenetic browser.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkz955

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Vitellogenin (Vtg), a yolk nutrient protein that is synthesized in the livers of female animals, and subsequently carried into the ovary, contributes to vitellogenesis in oviparous animals. Thus, Vtg levels are elevated during oogenesis. In contrast, Vtg proteins have been genetically lost in viviparous mammals, thus the yolk protein is not involved in their oogenesis and embryonic development. In this study, we identified Vtg protein in the livers of females during the gestation of the viviparous teleost, Xenotoca eiseni Although vitellogenesis is arrested during gestation, biochemical assays revealed that Vtg protein was present in ovarian tissues and lumen fluid. The Vtg protein was also detected in the trophotaeniae of the intraovarian embryo. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Vtg protein is absorbed into intracellular vesicles in the epithelial cells of the trophotaeniae. Furthermore, extraneous Vtg protein injected into the abdominal cavity of a pregnant female was subsequently detected in the trophotaeniae of the intraovarian embryo. Our data suggest that the yolk protein is one of the matrotrophic factors supplied from the mother to the intraovarian embryo during gestation in X. eiseni.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1913012116

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Tadpole larvae of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, show morphological left-right asymmetry in the brain structures and the orientation of tail bending within the vitelline membrane. Neurula embryos rotate along the anterior-posterior axis in a counterclockwise direction, and then this rotation stops when the left side of the embryo is oriented downwards. Contact of the left-side epidermis with the vitelline membrane promotes nodal gene expression in the left-side epidermis. This is a novel mechanism in which rotation of whole embryos provides the initial cue for breaking left-right symmetry. Here we show that epidermal monocilia, which appear at the neurula rotation stage, generate the driving force for rotation. A ciliary protein, Arl13b, fused with Venus YFP was used for live imaging of ciliary movements. Although overexpression of wild-type Arl13b fusion protein resulted in aberrant movements of the cilia and abrogation of neurula rotation, mutant Arl13b fusion protein, in which the GTPase and coiled-coil domains were removed, did not affect the normal ciliary movements and neurula rotation. Epidermis cilia moved in a wavy and serpentine way like sperm flagella but not in a rotational way or beating way with effective stroke and recovery stroke. They moved very slowly, at 1/7 Hz, consistent with the low angular velocity of neurula rotation (ca. 43°/min). The tips of most cilia pointed in the opposite direction of embryonic rotation. Similar motility was also observed in Ciona robusta embryos. When embryos were treated with a dynein inhibitor, Ciliobrevin D, both ciliary movements and neurula rotation were abrogated, showing that ciliary movements drive neurula rotation in Halocynthia. The drug also inhibited Ciona neurula rotation. Our observations suggest that the driving force of rotation is generated using the vitelline membrane as a substrate but not by making a water current around the embryo. It is of evolutionary interest that ascidians use ciliary movements to break embryonic left-right symmetry, like in many vertebrates. Meanwhile, ascidian embryos rotate as a whole, similar to embryos of non-vertebrate deuterostomes, such as echinoderm, hemichordate, and amphioxus, while swimming.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.023

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The appendicularian Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate that retains a tadpole shape throughout its life. Its simple and transparent body, invariant cell lineages, fast development and available genome and transcriptome resources make it a promising model organism for research in developmental biology. However, large-scale analysis of gene expression in O. dioica is limited owing to the laborious and time-consuming process of manual removal of the vitelline membrane, because devitellinisation of pre-hatching embryos causes failure of normal development. Therefore, in this study, modified procedures were developed for whole-mount in situ hybridisation (WISH) and immunohistochemistry (WIHC). This protocol enables rapid mRNA or protein detection without a manual devitellination step for each specimen. The critical procedure is brief treatment of the vitelline membrane of living embryos with 0.05% actinase E before fixation. Two minutes of treatment was optimal for the penetration of antisense RNA probes and antibodies through the vitelline membrane. This WISH protocol was applicable for chromogenic and fluorescent tyramide signal amplification reactions. Using the new protocol, we found eight genes with tissue-specific expression in the tail muscle, trunk epidermis, heart, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach or gill openings of developing larvae. This procedure also allowed for the detection of exogenous FLAG-tagged histone-enhanced green fluorescent protein by WIHC using anti-FLAG antibody. This study provides a useful and convenient tool for studying spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in this simple chordate model and should facilitate handling large amounts of genetic data from transcriptome-based approaches and other techniques such as treatments with chemical inhibitors.

DOI： 10.1007/s00427-017-0588-1

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Mechanisms for morphogenetic processes that generate complex patterns in a reproducible manner remain elusive. Live imaging provides a powerful tool to record cell behaviors. The appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica, is a planktonic tunicate that has a rapid developmental speed, small number of cells (less than 3500 cells in a juvenile), and a transparent body. The trunk epidermis, called the oikoplastic epithelium (OE), has elaborate cellular arrangements showing a complex pattern to secrete so-called "house" made of extracellular components. The OE is characterized by invariant number, size, and shape of the monolayer epithelial cells. Pattern formation is achieved during 5h of larval development without growth of the body, making this a suitable system for live imaging of a two-dimensional (2D) sheet. First, we subdivided the OE and defined several domains by cellular resolution, and systematically gave names to the constituent cells, since there is no variation among individuals. Time-lapse imaging of the epidermal cells revealed region-specific pattern formation processes. Each identified domain served as a compartment into which distribution of descendant cells of founder cells is restricted. Regulation of orientation, timing, and the number of rounds of cell divisions, but not cell death and migration, was a critical mechanism for determination of final cell arrangement and size. In addition, displacement of epithelial sheet plates was observed in the Eisen domain. Stem-cell-like cell divisions, whereby large mother stem cells generate a chain of small daughter cells, were involved in formation of the Nasse region and ventral sensory organ. These are the first examples of this kind of stem-cell-like cell division in deuterostomes. Furthermore, labeling of the left or right blastomere of the two-cell-stage embryo, which roughly gives rise to the left or right side of the body, respectively, revealed that the boundary of the descendant cells does not match with the midline of the trunk epidermis. Left and right descendants largely invade into the opposite side in an invariant way, suggesting the possibility that specification of the OE cell identities may occur later in development, most probably around hatching, and depending on cell position in the OE epithelial sheet. These detailed descriptions of OE patterning processes provide basic and essential information to analyze further cell behaviors in the generation of elaborate and intricate but stereotyped 2D cellular patterns in this advantageous model system for developmental and cell biological studies in chordates.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.008

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BACKGROUND: miRNAs play essential roles in the modulation of cellular functions via degradation and/or translation attenuation of target mRNAs. They have been surveyed in a single ascidian genus, Ciona. Recently, an annotated draft genome sequence for a distantly related ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, has become available, but miRNAs in H. roretzi have not been previously studied. RESULTS: We report the prediction of 319 candidate H. roretzi miRNAs, obtained through three complementary methods. Experimental validation suggests that more than half of these candidate miRNAs are expressed during embryogenesis. The majority of predicted H. roretzi miRNAs appear specific to ascidians or tunicates, and only 32 candidates, belonging to 25 families, are widely conserved across metazoans. CONCLUSION: Our study presents a comprehensive identification of candidate H. roretzi miRNAs. This resource will facilitate the study of the mechanisms for miRNA-controlled gene regulatory networks during ascidian development. Further, our analysis suggests that the majority of Halocynthia miRNAs are specific to ascidian or tunicates, with only a small number of widely conserved miRNAs. This result is consistent with the general notion that animal miRNAs are less conserved between taxa than plant ones.

DOI： 10.1186/s12864-017-3707-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The maternal contribution to the oocyte cytoplasm plays an important role during embryogenesis because it is involved in early cell fate specification and embryonic axis establishment. However, screening projects targeting maternal factors have only been conducted in a limited number of animal models, such as nematodes, fruit flies, and zebrafish, while few maternal genes have been analysed because of difficulties encountered in inhibiting gene products already expressed in the ovaries. Therefore, simple and efficient methods for large-scale maternal screening are necessary. The appendicularian Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic tunicate member of the chordates. Gonadal microinjection and a novel gene knockdown method, DNA interference (DNAi), have been developed for use in this animal with the aim of inhibiting gene functions during oogenesis within the gonad. In this study, we adapted these methods for large-scale maternal factor screening, and observed malformation phenotypes related to some maternal factors. Approximately 2000 (56.9%) ovary-enriched gene products were screened, of which the knockdown of seven encoding genes resulted in various abnormalities during embryonic development. Most of these were related to microtubules and cell adhesion-related proteins. We conclude that DNAi is a potentially powerful screening tool for the identification of novel maternal factors in chordates.

DOI： 10.1038/srep44226

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica, is a planktonic tunicate that retains a swimming tadpole shape throughout its life. It has relatively few cells and exhibits fast development, yet it has a basic chordate body plan. In this study, the morphology of adults was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fine 3D images of most organs were taken. The trunk epidermis is organized into bilateral territories secreting the house that includes the food-trapping filter. The pharynx extends ventrally and posteriorly to the gill openings and esophagus, respectively. The endostyle, with a morphologically distinct ciliated band, is embedded in the pharynx. The digestive tract showed left-right asymmetry as the connection between the pharynx and esophagus tilts leftward. The heart is located ventrally between the left stomach and the intestine and consists of a left muscular sheet and a right thin, non-muscular sheet. The brain is connected to the oral and ventral sensory organs, ciliary funnels and sensory vesicles and axons descend from it that eventually innervate the caudal ganglion. In the tail, a nerve cord with sporadically distributed neuronal somata runs along the left side of the notochord. The gonad is a single syncytium of thousands of gametes. In the ovary, an abundance of cortical membrane invaginate into the cytoplasm during oogenesis and the growing oocytes are interconnected via common cytoplasm through a ring canal. Spermatogenesis progresses synchronously within the common cytoplasm. These descriptions provide a valuable anatomical atlas for studying development and physiology using this simple organism with a chordate body plan.

DOI： 10.1007/s00441-016-2524-5

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During embryonic induction, the responding cells invoke an induced developmental program, whereas in the absence of an inducing signal, they assume a default uninduced cell fate. Suppression of the default fate during the inductive event is crucial for choice of the binary cell fate. In contrast to the mechanisms that promote an induced cell fate, those that suppress the default fate have been overlooked. Upon induction, intracellular signal transduction results in activation of genes encoding key transcription factors for induced tissue differentiation. It is elusive whether an induced key transcription factor has dual functions involving suppression of the default fates and promotion of the induced fate, or whether suppression of the default fate is independently regulated by other factors that are also downstream of the signaling cascade. We show that during ascidian embryonic induction, default fates were suppressed by multifold redundant mechanisms. The key transcription factor, Twist-related.a, which is required for mesenchyme differentiation, and another independent transcription factor, Lhx3, which is dispensable for mesenchyme differentiation, sequentially and redundantly suppress the default muscle fate in induced mesenchyme cells. Similarly in notochord induction, Brachyury, which is required for notochord differentiation, and other factors, Lhx3 and Mnx, are likely to suppress the default nerve cord fate redundantly. Lhx3 commonly suppresses the default fates in two kinds of induction. Mis-activation of the autonomously executed default program in induced cells is detrimental to choice of the binary cell fate. Multifold redundant mechanisms would be required for suppression of the default fate to be secure.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.033

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RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to characterize egg and larval transcriptomes in the appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica, a planktonic chordate, which is characterized by rapid development and short life cycle of 5 days, using a Japanese population of the organism. De novo transcriptome assembly matched with 16,423 proteins corresponding to 95.4% of the protein-encoding genes deposited in the OikoBase, the genome database of the Norwegian population. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between the Japanese and Norwegian O. dioica were estimated to be around 91.0 and 94.8%, respectively. We discovered 175 novel protein-encoding genes: 144 unigenes were common to both the Japanese and Norwegian populations, whereas 31 unigenes were not found in the OikoBase genome reference. Among the total 12,311 unigenes, approximately 63% were detected in egg-stage RNAs, whereas 99% were detected in larval stage RNAs; 3772 genes were up-regulated, and 1336 genes were down-regulated more than four-fold in the larvae. Gene ontology analyses characterized gene activities in these two developmental stages. We found a messenger RNA (mRNA) 5' trans-spliced leader, which was observed in 40.8% of the total unique transcripts. It showed preferential linkage to adenine at the 5' ends of the downstream exons. Trans-splicing was observed more frequently in egg mRNAs compared with larva-specific mRNAs.

DOI： 10.1007/s00427-015-0502-7

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RNA interference is widely employed as a gene-silencing system in eukaryotes for host defence against invading nucleic acids. In response to invading double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), mRNA is degraded in sequence-specific manner. So far, however, DNA interference (DNAi) has been reported only in plants, ciliates and archaea, and has not been explored in Metazoa. Here, we demonstrate that linear double-stranded DNA promotes both sequence-specific transcription blocking and mRNA degradation in developing embryos of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica. Introduced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products or linearized plasmids encoding Brachyury induced tail malformation and mRNA degradation. This malformation was also promoted by DNA fragments of the putative 5'-flanking region and intron without the coding region. PCR products encoding Zic-like1 and acetylcholine esterase also induced loss of sensory organ and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity, respectively. Co-injection of mRNA encoding EGFP and mCherry, and PCR products encoding these fluorescent proteins, induced sequence-specific decrease in the green or red fluorescence, respectively. These results suggest that O. dioica possesses a defence system against exogenous DNA and RNA, and that DNA fragment-induced gene silencing would be mediated through transcription blocking as well as mRNA degradation. This is the first report of DNAi in Metazoa.

DOI： 10.1098/rspb.2015.0435

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The appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica, is a planktonic chordate. Its simple and transparent body, invariant cell lineages and short life cycle of 5 days make it a promising model organism for studies of chordate development. Here we describe the cell migration that occurs during development of the O. dioica larva. Using time-lapse imaging facilitated by florescent labeling of cells, three cell populations exhibiting long-distance migration were identified and characterized. These included (i) a multinucleated oral gland precursor that migrates anteriorly within the trunk region and eventually separates into the left and right sides, (ii) endodermal strand cells that are collectively retracted from the tail into the trunk in a tractor movement, and (iii) two subchordal cell precursors that individually migrate out from the trunk to the tip of the tail. The migration of subchordal cell precursors starts when all of the endodermal strand cells enter the trunk, and follows the same path but in a direction opposite to that of the latter. Labeling of these cells with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Kaede, demonstrated that the endodermal strand cells and subchordal cell precursors have distinct origins and eventual fates. Surgical removal of the trunk from the tail demonstrated that the endodermal strand cells do not require the trunk for migration, and that the subchordal cell precursors would be attracted by the distal part of the tail. This well-defined, invariant and traceable long-distance cell migration provides a unique experimental system for exploring the mechanisms of versatile cell migration in this simple organism with a chordate body plan.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.006

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The appendicularian Oikopleura dioica is a chordate that has a remarkably simple adult body with small cell number. Its transparency, stereotyped cell lineages, short life cycle, and small genome make it a promising new experimental model of chordate developmental biology. However, the functions of its various genes are still poorly understood due to lack of a tool for suppression of gene expression. Here, we applied a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based-RNA interference (RNAi) method in O. dioica. For introducing dsRNA into eggs and embryos, we injected dsRNAs into the ovary. dsRNA, which is specific to EGFP or mCherry mRNA, decreased the exogenous mRNA-derived fluorescence in both eggs and embryos. dsRNA specific to the Brachyury gene of O. dioica, which is a homologous gene of a key notochord transcriptional factor in ascidians, triggered degradation of endogenous Brachyury mRNA and induced malformation or loss of the notochord in the tail. This effect was Brachyury sequence specific, as three dsRNAs covering different sequences produced the same phenotype. The result is in accordance with its expression site and also with the key regulatory function of Brachyury in notochord formation in other chordates. RNAi in O. dioica would be a useful tool for gaining insight into the oogenesis and early developmental processes in chordates.

DOI： 10.1007/s00427-013-0438-8

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL  

The kisspeptin (Kiss1) and Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r) pathway plays a central role in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. In contrast to humans and mammals that have a single Kiss1 gene and a single Kiss1r gene, multiple Kiss ligand and receptor genes are found in nonmammalian vertebrates. Their functional relationship, however, is poorly understood. Here, we report that the duplicated zebrafish kiss1r genes have evolved a distinct gene expression pattern, different ligand selectivity, and novel nuclear isoforms. While a single kiss1ra mRNA was detected exclusively in the brain, 5 kiss1rb transcripts were found in many peripheral tissues. Functional assays showed that kiss1ra encodes a receptor activated by both Kiss1 and Kiss2, while kiss1rb encodes a receptor that has a preference for Kiss1. The four alternatively spliced kiss1rb mRNAs encoded 4 truncated isoforms, denoted kiss1rb-derived protein (KRBDP)1-4. When their subcellular localization was examined, KRBDP3 and KRBDP4 were found in the nucleus in cultured mammalian cells and in zebrafish embryos. One-hybrid transcription activation assays revealed that KRBDP3, but not KRBDP4, possesses ligand-independent transactivation activity. These findings highlight how the duplication of Kiss1r genes may facilitate their adaptation of specialized functions. The discovery of a nuclear Kiss1r isoform raises the possibility of novel function of Kiss1r in the nucleus.

DOI： 10.1096/fj.11-201095

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC NEUROSCIENCE  

When and how newborn neurons are organized to form a functional network in the developing brain remains poorly understood. An attractive model is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron system, master regulator of the reproductive axis. Here we show that blockage of IGF signaling, a central growth-promoting signaling pathway, by the induced expression of a dominant-negative form of IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) or specific IGF1R inhibitors delayed the emergence of GnRH2 neurons in the midbrain and GnRH3 neurons in the olfactory bulb region. Blockage of IGF signaling also resulted in an abnormal appearance of GnRH3 neurons outside of the olfactory bulb region, although it did not change the locations of other olfactory neurons, GnRH2 neurons, or brain patterning. This IGF action is developmental stage-dependent because the blockade of IGF signaling in advanced embryos had no such effect. An application of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors phenocopied the IGF signaling deficient embryos, whereas the MAPK inhibitors had no effect, suggesting that this IGF action is mediated through the PI3K pathway. Real-time in vivo imaging studies revealed that the ectopic GnRH3 neurons emerged at the same time as the normal GnRH3 neurons in IGF-deficient embryos. Further experiments suggest that IGF signaling affects the spatial distribution of newborn GnRH3 neurons by influencing neural crest cell migration and/or differentiation. These results suggest that the IGF-IGF1R-PI3K pathway regulates the precise temporal and spatial organization of GnRH neurons in zebrafish and provides new insights into the regulation of GnRH neuron development.

DOI： 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6804-10.2011

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Our previous studies suggested the importance of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) for initiation of spawning migration of chum salmon, although supporting evidence had been not available from oceanic fish. In farmed masu salmon, the amounts of salmon GnRH (sGnRH) mRNAs in the forebrain increased in the pre-pubertal stage from winter through spring, followed by a decrease toward summer. We thus hypothesized that gene expression for GnRHs in oceanic chum salmon changes similarly, and examined this hypothesis using brain samples from winter chum salmon in the Gulf of Alaska and summer fish in the Bering Sea. They were classified into sexually immature and maturing adults, which had maturing gonads and left the Bering Sea for the natal river by the end of summer. The absolute amounts of GnRH mRNAs were determined by real-time PCRs. The amounts of sGnRH mRNA in the maturing winter adults were significantly larger than those in the maturing summer adults. The amounts of sGnRH and chicken GnRH mRNAs then peaked during upstream migration from the coast to the natal hatchery. Such changes were observed in various brain loci including the olfactory bulb, terminal nerve, ventral telencephalon, nucleus preopticus parvocellularis anterioris, nucleus preopticus magnocellularis and midbrain tegmentum. These results suggest that sGnRH neurons change their activity for gonadal maturation prior to initiation of homing behavior from the Bering Sea. The present study provides the first evidence to support a possible involvement of neuropeptides in the onset of spawning migration.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.05.001

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Gene expression for growth hormone (GH)/prolactin (PRL)/somatolactin (SL) family hormones in the pituitaries of homing chum salmon were examined, because gene expression for these hormones during ocean-migrating phases remains unclear. Fish were collected in the winter Gulf of Alaska, the summer Bering Sea and along homing pathway in the Ishikari River-Ishikari Bay water system in Hokkaido, Japan in autumn. The oceanic fish included maturing adults, which had developing gonads and left the Bering Sea for the natal river by the end of summer. The absolute amounts of GH, PRL and SL mRNAs in the pituitaries of the maturing adults in the summer Bering Sea were 5- to 20-fold those in the winter Gulf of Alaska. The amount of GH mRNA in the homing adults at the coastal seawater (SW) areas was smaller than that in the Bering fish, while the amount of PRL mRNA remained at the higher level until fish arrived at the Ishikari River. The gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in the coastal SW fish and the plasma Na(+) levels in the brackish water fish at the estuary were lowered to the levels that were comparable to those in the fresh water (FW) fish. In conclusion, gene expression for GH, PRL and SL was elevated in the pituitaries of chum salmon before initiation of homing behavior from the summer Bering Sea. Gene expression for GH is thereafter lowered coincidently with malfunction of SW adaptability in the breeding season, while gene expression for PRL is maintained high until forthcoming FW adaptation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.015

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

An increase in activity of the pituitary-gonadal axis (PG-axis) and gonadal development are essential for the onset of spawning migration of chum salmon from the Bering Sea. In the Bering Sea, fish with larger body sizes initiated gonadal development and commenced spawning migration to the natal river by the end of summer. We thus hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a somatotropic signal that interacts with the PG-axis, can be one of such factors responsible for the onset of migration, and examined changes in plasma levels and hepatic expression of IGF-I gene in oceanic and homing chum salmon in 2001-2003. The plasma IGF-I levels and corresponding body sizes in maturing adults, which had developing gonads, were significantly higher than those in immature fish in all years examined. Such increase in the plasma IGF-I levels in maturing fish was observed even in the Gulf of Alaska during February 2006, while coincident increase was not observed in the hepatic amounts of IGF-I mRNA. In autumn, the plasma IGF-I levels in homing adults decreased during upstream migration in the Ishikari River-Ishikari bay water system in Hokkaido, Japan. In conclusion, the plasma IGF-I levels increased with gonadal development when chum salmon migrated from the winter Gulf of Alaska to the summer Bering Sea. Circulating IGF-I may interact with the PG-axis and promote gonadal development that is inseparable from the onset of spawning migration. Circulating IGF-I levels were thereafter lowered in accordance with final maturation during upstream migration in the breeding season.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.07.005

PubMed

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

When, where, and how oceanic chum salmon initiate spawning migration is unknown although gonadal development and elevation of the activity of the pituitary-gonadal axis (PG-axis) are essential. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a somatotropic signal that interacts with the PG-axis for gametogenesis. We thus examined the plasma level of IGF-I in immature and maturing chum salmon in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. The maturing adults which had maturing gonads left the Bering Sea for the natal river by the end of summer, because almost all fish were immature in September. The plasma level of IGF-I and corresponding body size in the maturing adults were two- to threefold that of immature fish. The plasma IGF-I level correlated positively with the pituitary contents of follicle-stimulating hormone and the plasma levels of 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol-17beta. Therefore, the plasma level of IGF-I increased with elevation of the PG-axis activity prior to the initiation of spawning migration from the Bering Sea. Circulatory IGF-I from visceral organs may inform the status of body growth to the PG-axis for gonadal development that is inseparable from decision of chum salmon whether to initiate homing behavior from the Bering Sea or not to initiate spawning migration by the coming spawning season.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03668.x

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The activity of the pituitary-gonadal axis (PG axis) in pre-migratory and homing chum salmon was examined because endocrine mechanisms underlying the onset of spawning migration remain unknown. Pre-migratory fish were caught in the central Bering Sea in June, July and September 2001, 2002 and 2003, and in the Gulf of Alaska in February 2006. They were classified into immature and maturing adults on the basis of gonadal development. The maturing adults commenced spawning migration to coastal areas by the end of summer, because almost all fish in the Bering Sea were immature in September. In the pituitaries of maturing adults, the copy numbers of FSHbeta mRNA and the FSH content were 2.5- to 100-fold those of the immature fish. Similarly, the amounts of LHbeta mRNA and LH content in the maturing adults were 100- to 1000-fold those of immature fish. The plasma levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol were higher than 10 nmol l(-1) in maturing adults, but lower than 1.0 nmol l(-1) in immature fish. The increase in the activity of the PG-axis components had already initiated in the maturing adults while they were still in the Gulf of Alaska in winter. In the homing adults, the pituitary contents and the plasma levels of gonadotropins and plasma sex steroid hormones peaked during upstream migration from the coast to the natal hatchery. The present results thus indicate that the seasonal increase in the activity of the PG axis is an important endocrine event that is inseparable from initiation of spawning migration of chum salmon.

DOI： 10.1242/jeb.021352

PubMed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Elevation of the intracellular cAMP level induces morphological changes of astrocyte-like differentiation in C6 glioma cells. Such changes may be accompanied with expression of cytoskeletal protein genes. We therefore analyzed morphological changes after a treatment with dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and then assessed the expression of cytoskeletal protein genes by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cell number remained unaltered upon incubation with 1 mM dbcAMP in medium supplemented with 0.1% fetal bovine serum (FBS), whereas the number and lengths of processes increased, when compared with those of cells incubated in medium supplemented with 0.1% or 10% FBS only. The amounts of beta-actin, gamma-actin, and beta-tubulin mRNAs in C6 cells, but not alpha-tubulin mRNA, increased during the early proliferation in DMEM containing 10% FBS. The expression of cytoskeletal protein genes decreased when incubated with 0.1% FBS or 1 mM dbcAMP in 0.1% FBS, compared with those of cells cultured in 10% FBS. These results indicated that, during the early proliferation in normal culture condition, the expression of cytoskeletal protein genes in C6 cells, except alpha-tubulin, increased, while in differentiating or differentiated C6 glioma cells, cAMP-induced morphological changes were not accompanied with elevation of gene expression for cytoskeletal proteins, such as actin and tubulin.

DOI： 10.1007/s10571-007-9229-y

PubMed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to be involved in pubertal activation of gonadotropin (GTH) secretion. The aim of this study was to determine if IGF-I directly stimulates synthesis and release of GTH at an early stage of gametogenesis. The effects of IGF-I on expression of genes encoding glycoprotein alpha (GPalpha), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta, and luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunits and release of FSH and LH were examined using primary pituitary cells of masu salmon at three reproductive stages: early gametogenesis, maturing stage, and spawning. IGF-I alone or IGF-I + salmon GnRH (sGnRH) were added to the primary pituitary cell cultures. Amounts of GPalpha, FSHbeta, and LHbeta mRNAs were determined by real-time PCR. Plasma and medium levels of FSH and LH were determined by RIA. In males, IGF-I increased the amounts of all three subunit mRNAs early in gametogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, but not in the later stages. In females, IGF-I stimulated release of FSH and LH early in gametogenesis, whereas no stimulatory effects on the subunit mRNA levels were observed at any stage. IGF-I + sGnRH stimulated release of FSH and LH at all stages in both sexes, but had different effects on the subunit mRNA levels depending on subunit and stage. The present results suggest that IGF-I itself directly stimulates synthesis and release of GTH early in gametogenesis in masu salmon, possibly acting as a metabolic signal that triggers the onset of puberty.

DOI： 10.2108/zsj.25.88

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Pacific salmon migrate from ocean through the natal river for spawning. Information on expression of genes encoding osmoregulatory hormones and migratory behavior is important for understanding of molecular events that underlie osmoregulation of homing salmon. In the present article, regulation of gene expression for osmoregulatory hormones in pre-spawning salmon was briefly reviewed with special reference to neurobypophysial hormone, vasotocin (VT), and pituitary hormones, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL). Thereafter, we introduced recent data on migratory behavior from SW to FW environment. In pre-spawning chum salmon, the hypothalamic VT mRNA levels increased in the males, while decreased in the females with loss of salinity tolerance when they were kept in SW. The amounts of GH mRNA in the pituitary decreased during ocean migration prior to entrance into FW. Hypo-osmotic stimulation by SW-to-FW transfer did not significantly affect the amount of PRL mRNA, but it was elevated in both SW and FW environments along with progress in final maturation. Behaviorally, homing chum salmon continued vertical movement between SW and FW layers in the mouth of the natal river for about 12 It prior to upstream migration. Pre-spawning chum salmon in an aquarium, which allowed fish free access to SW and FW, showed that individuals with the lower plasma testosterone (T) and higher estradiol-17 beta (E2) levels spent longer time in FW when compared with the SW fish. Taken together, neuroendocrine mechanisms that underlie salt and water homeostasis and migratory behavior from SW to FW may be under the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in pre-spawning salmon. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.010

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Expression of genes encoding gonadotropin (GTH) subunits in the salmon pituitary was regulated by salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) and sex steroid hormones in a reproductive stage-dependent manner, probably through DNA-binding transcription factors. Direct effects of these hormones on expression of genes encoding salmon fushi tarazu factor 1 homolog (sFF1-I) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) were therefore examined by use of primary pituitary cell cultures of masu salmon at different reproductive stages. Pituitaries were collected in March (before initiation of gonadal maturation), in May (early maturing), in July (late maturing), and in September (spawning period). Amounts of sFF1-I and ERalpha mRNAs in the pituitary cells were determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions after a treatment with sGnRH, estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone (T) or 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). The amounts of sFF1-I mRNA were elevated by E2 in the males, and by sGnRH and T in the females before initiation of gonadal maturation and at the early maturing stage. The amounts of ERalpha mRNA in the early maturing females were elevated by sGnRH. Effects of sGnRH were not significant at the late maturing and spawning stages. The amounts of ERalpha mRNA in the spawning males were halved by 11KT and E2, and those of sFF1-I and ERalpha mRNAs in the late maturing females were decreased by T and 11KT. These results indicated that responsiveness of sFF1-I and ERalpha genes to sGnRH and sex steroid hormones is seasonally variable in relation to reproductive stages. Expression of sFF1 and ERalpha genes should be stimulated at the early stages of gonadal maturation prior to increases in the amounts of GTH subunit mRNAs, while attenuated after the late maturing period when stored amounts of GTH subunit mRNAs reached near the maximum.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.02.024

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Expression of genes encoding growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and somatolactin (SL) in growing and maturing salmon was stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog during particular periods of the life cycle. GnRH therefore appears to directly and/or indirectly regulate gene expression for GH, PRL, and SL in combination with the pituitary-gonadal axis, such as sex steroid hormones. Direct effects of salmon GnRH (sGnRH), estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) on the amounts of GH, PRL, and SL mRNAs were thus examined using primary pituitary cell cultures of masu salmon at the four reproductive stages. We also determined the amounts of mRNA encoding pituitary specific POU homeodomain transcription factor (Pit-1) by real-time polymerase chain reactions. The amounts of GH, PRL, and SL mRNAs in the control cells elevated with gonadal maturation, coincidently with those of Pit-1 mRNA. sGnRH at 1.0 nM elevated the amounts of all mRNAs examined in the pre-spawning females, whereas significant effects were not observed with 100 nM sGnRH at any reproductive stages. Sex steroid hormones had no significant effects before initiation of gonadal maturation and at the maturing stage. In the males, E2 tended to decrease the amounts of SL mRNA in the pre-spawning stage. In the females, E2 and 11KT increased the amounts of PRL and SL mRNAs in the pre-spawning stage, but halved those of PRL mRNA in the spawning stage. The amounts of Pit-1 mRNA changed coincidently with those of PRL and SL mRNAs at all examined stages. The effects of E2 alone were abolished by 100 nM sGnRH. The present results indicated that both sGnRH and steroid hormones directly modulate synthesis of Pit-1, and further expression of PRL and SL genes. sGnRH may indirectly regulate GH/PRL/SL family hormone genes through the pituitary-gonadal axis, particularly in the late stage of gametogenesis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.03.003

PubMed

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Our previous studies suggested that salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) neurons regulate both final maturation and migratory behavior in homing salmonids. Activation of sGnRH neurons can occur during upstream migration. We therefore examined expression of genes encoding the precursors of sGnRH, sGnRH-I, and sGnRH-II, in discrete forebrain loci of prespawning chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Fish were captured from 1997 through 1999 along their homing pathway: coastal areas, a midway of the river, 4 km downstream of the natal hatchery, and the hatchery. Amounts of sGnRH mRNAs in fresh frozen sections including the olfactory bulb (OB), terminal nerve (TN), ventral telencephalon (VT), nucleus preopticus parvocellularis anterioris (PPa), and nucleus preopticus magnocellularis (PM) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. The amounts of sGnRH-II mRNA were higher than those of sGnRH-I mRNA, while they showed similar changes during upstream migration. In the OB and TN, the amounts of sGnRH mRNAs elevated from the coast to the natal hatchery. In the VT and PPa, they elevated along with the progress of final maturation. Such elevation was also observed in the rostroventral, middle, and dorsocaudal parts of the PM. The amounts of gonadotropin IIbeta and somatolactin mRNAs in the pituitary also increased consistently with the elevation of gene expression for sGnRH. These results, in combination with lines of previous evidence, indicate that sGnRH neurons are activated in almost all the forebrain loci during the last phases of spawning migration, resulting in coordination of final gonadal maturation and migratory behavior to the spawning ground.

DOI： 10.1002/neu.20125

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Changes in plasma levels of steroid hormones in pre-spawning chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were examined for 6 years in association with sexual maturation. Fish were sampled along their homing pathway from the coastal sea to the spawning ground from 1995 to 2000. Plasma levels of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), estradiol-17beta (E2), 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP), and cortisol were determined by enzyme immunoassays. Sexual maturity was comprehensively estimated by gonadosomatic indices, histology of gonads, nuptial color, spermiation or ovulation ratio. Since the plasma levels of steroid hormones and sexual maturation differed from year to year, they were compared with year-to-year variation of sea surface temperature (SST) of coastal sea to study influence of oceanographic environment on these physiological data. The SST of the migratory route varied among the years, so that we classified the 6 years into cool, intermediate, and warm years. Concerning maturity, the males that returned to the natal hatchery in the warm years were sexually more advanced than those in the cool years. Furthermore, histological data suggested that final oocyte maturation occurred before arrival at the hatchery in one of the warm years, i.e., 1999, while it occurred at the hatchery in one of the intermediate years, i.e., 2000. In the males, T and 11KT levels increased significantly on midway of the homing route in the warm years, whereas they did not show any noticeable changes in the cool years. Furthermore, the levels of T and 11KT on midway of the homing route in the warm years, i.e., 1998 and 1999, were significantly higher than those in one of the cool years, i.e., 1995, in both sexes. In the females, the levels of E2 decreased during upstream migration. Conversely, those of DHP considerably elevated at spawning ground in all years examined. The levels of cortisol were different from year to year regardless of the SST. The present results showed that there were year-to-year differences in plasma levels of steroid hormones and maturity, and some of them may be influenced by the year-to-year variation of SST.

DOI： 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00171-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HUMANA PRESS INC  

The pituitary levels of mRNAs encoding gonadotropin (GTH) subunits (GTH alpha2 and IIbeta), prolactin (PRL), and somatolactin (SL) increased in chum salmon during the last stages of spawning migration. In the-present study, changes in pituitary levels of mRNAs encoding GTH alpha2, Ibeta, and IIbeta; growth hormone (GH); PRL; and SL were examined in homing chum salmon of Sanriku stock to clarify whether the changes are associated with final maturation or freshwater (FW) adaptation. In 1993, fish were caught at four areas: off the coast of Sanriku (off-coast), the mouth of Otsuchi Bay (ocean), inside of Otsuchi Bay (bay), and the Otsuchi River (river). In addition, effects of hypoosmotic stimulation by transition from seawater (SW) to FW were examined in 1994 and 1995. The amounts of mRNAs were determined by dot-blot analyses or real-time polymerase chain reactions. The levels of GTH alpha2 and IIbeta mRNAs in the ocean, bay, and river fish were two to five times those in the off-coast fish, and the levels of SL mRNAs in the bay fish were two to four times those in the off-coast fish. The levels of GH and PRL mRNAs in the ocean and bay fish were significantly lower than those in the off-coast fish, and those in the river fish were three to five times those in the ocean and bay fish. In the SW-to-FW transition experiment in 1994, the levels of GTH alpha2, Ibeta, and lip mRNAs transiently increased, whereas changes were insignificant in 1995. The levels of GH, PRL, and SL mRNAs increased in both SW and FW environments, and no apparent effects of SW-to-FW transition were observed. The present study suggests that in prespawning chum salmon, expression of genes encoding GTH alpha2, IIbeta, and SL elevates with final maturation regardless of osmotic environment. Hypoosmotic stimulation by transition from the SW-to-FW environment is not critical to modulate expression of genes for PRL. PRL gene expression can be elevated in SW fish that were sexually almost matured.

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Publisher：(株)ニュー・サイエンス社  

卵形成の過程でmRNAやタンパク質として卵細胞に蓄えられる母性因子は、卵成熟や初期発生において重要な役割をになう。母性因子をコードする遺伝子はゲノム上の過半数を占めており、未知の因子が残されていると期待される。本稿では、脊索動物のオタマボヤをもちいた、母性因子の大規模な機能的スクリーニングを紹介する。この実験系は、安価に多数の母性因子を機能阻害できることや、卵形成や胚発生の表現型異常を調べやすいことなど、哺乳類における母性因子の研究を補いうる特長を備えている。(著者抄録)

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)ニュー・サイエンス社  

卵形成の過程でmRNAやタンパク質として卵細胞に蓄えられる母性因子は、卵成熟や初期発生において重要な役割をになう。母性因子をコードする遺伝子はゲノム上の過半数を占めており、未知の因子が残されていると期待される。本稿では、脊索動物のオタマボヤをもちいた、母性因子の大規模な機能的スクリーニングを紹介する。この実験系は、安価に多数の母性因子を機能阻害できることや、卵形成や胚発生の表現型異常を調べやすいことなど、哺乳類における母性因子の研究を補いうる特長を備えている。(著者抄録)

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J-GLOBAL

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Publisher：(公財)日本応用酵素協会  

DNAiは二本鎖DNAを注入した細胞において、配列特異的に遺伝子機能が阻害される現象である。海産プランクトンであるオタマボヤでのDNAi発見例を紹介し、その特徴、RNAiとの類似性、DNAiにおけるガイド鎖合成、Argonauteの多様性について述べた。特にRNAiでみられる標的mRNAの分解反応との比較に焦点を当て、最近の知見を概説した。

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公財)日本応用酵素協会  

DNAiは二本鎖DNAを注入した細胞において、配列特異的に遺伝子機能が阻害される現象である。海産プランクトンであるオタマボヤでのDNAi発見例を紹介し、その特徴、RNAiとの類似性、DNAiにおけるガイド鎖合成、Argonauteの多様性について述べた。特にRNAiでみられる標的mRNAの分解反応との比較に焦点を当て、最近の知見を概説した。

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J-GLOBAL

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CiNii Books

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Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.43.136

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.42.5

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.42.2

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society for Comparative Endocrinology  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.39.48

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.37.226

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.36.211

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.35.7

CiNii Books

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Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

Web of Science

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Publisher：生物研究社  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

Web of Science

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