Updated on 2026/02/13
2025.06.24 【医歯研】スイーツを食べて口腔ケア？！歯磨きスイーツ（仮）の説明会&試食会を実施
Behavior Sciences
Pediatric Dentistry
Dental fear
Oral Health Inequalities
Pain
Dental utilization
Dental care related pain
Sexual & Gender Minority
LGBTQs
LGBT
Periodontists prevention
Caries prevention
2019.4 Kagoshima University Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Health Research Course Social and Behavior Medicine Associate Professor
2019.4 Kagoshima University Faculty of Dentistry Associate Professor
2006.1 International Association for Paediatric Dentistry
2001.12 International Association for Dental Research
The International Association for Dental Research, Pediatric Oral Health Research
The International Association for Dental Research, Behavioral, Epidemiologic & Health Services Research
American Dental Education Association
2024.7 - 2025.6 International Association for Dental Research POHR President elect Academic society
2024.4 鹿児島大学歯学部 国際交流委員会委員長 Academic society
2023.7 - 2024.6 International Association for Dental Research POHR Vice President Academic society
2023.4 鹿児島大学 短期留学生選考小委員会
2021.4 鹿児島大学大学院医歯学研究科 国際交流委員会委員 Academic society
2019.7 - 2023.6 The International Association for Dental Research, Pediatric Oral Health Research Group Symposium Coordinator Academic society
2019.6 - 2022.6 International Association for Dental Research POHR Proposal Coordinator/Symposium Organizer Academic society
2019.4 Faculty of Dentistry, Kagoshima University Member of Student Committee Academic society
2019.4 鹿児島大学歯学部 学生委員会 Academic society
2019.4 - 2024.3 鹿児島大学歯学部 国際交流委員会委員 Academic society
2019.4 - 2024.3 Faculty of Dentistry, Kagoshima University Member of the Committee of International relationship Academic society
2019.4 - 2022.3 鹿児島大学歯学部 IR委員会委員 Academic society
2019.4 - 2020.3 Faculty of Dentistry, Kagoshima University Member of IR Committee Academic society
2008.7 - 2019.3 Case Western Reserve University Director of Undergraduate Pediatric Dental Clinic and Assistant Professor
2008.7 - 2012.12 Case Western Reserve University Pediatric Dentistry Residency Program
2005.9 - 2008.6 University of Washington Acting Assistant Professor, pediatric Dentistry and Oral Public Health Sciences
2002.7 - 2005.8 University of Washington Visiting Assistant Professor, Oral Public Health Sciences
Specialist
Dentist
Dentist
Dentist
Dental Technician
Heima M., Stehli K. . Reliability and Validity of the Dental Anxiety Question Used With Children . Anesthesia progress69 ( 3 ) 13 - 19 2022.9
Heima M, LIN YC, Miura H, Indo H, Nishitani Y . Promising effects of an online studying abroad program with cultural exchange . Journal of Dental Education 2021.10
Nishitani Yoshihiro, Kurahashi Naoya, Heima Masahiro, Miura Koki, Itotagawa Mihiro, Shiraogawa Takahiko, Sakanoue Yoshinori, Tsutsumi Sadami . Application of Terahertz Waves for Dental Treatment(和訳中) . Journal of Oral Tissue Engineering19 ( 1 ) 15 - 20 2021.9
Chen J, Duangthip D, Gao SS, Huang F, Anthonappa R, Oliveira BH, Turton B, Durward C, El Tantawi M, Attia D, Heima M, Muthu MS, Maharani DA, Folayan MO, Phantumvanit P, Sitthisettapong T, Innes N, Crystal YO, Ramos-Gomez F, Medina AC, Lo ECM, Chu CH . Oral Health Policies to Tackle the Burden of Early Childhood Caries: A Review of 14 Countries/Regions. . Frontiers in oral health2 670154 2021
Vincent A. . Therapy Dog Support in Pediatric Dentistry: A Social Welfare Intervention for Reducing Anticipatory Anxiety and Situational Fear in Children . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal37 ( 6 ) 615 - 629 2020.12
Vincent A, Easton S, Sterman J, Farkas K, Heima M . Acceptability and Demand of Therapy Dog Support Among Oral Health Care Providers and Caregivers of Pediatric Patients. . Pediatric dentistry42 ( 1 ) 16 - 21 2020.1
Karibe H, Kato Y, Shimazu K, Okamoto A, Heima M . Gender differences in adolescents' perceptions toward dentists using the Japanese version of the dental beliefs survey: a cross-sectional survey. . BMC oral health19 ( 1 ) 144 2019.7
Horst JA, Heima M . Prevention of Dental Caries by Silver Diamine Fluoride. . Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)40 ( 3 ) 158 - 163; quiz 164 2019.3
Nelson S, Milgrom P, Albert JM, Selvaraj D, Cunha-Cruz J, Curtan S, Copeland T, Heima M, Rothen M, Beck G, Ferretti G. . Randomized Trial Based on the Common-Sense Model of Self-regulation to Increase Child Dental Visits . JDR Clinical & Translational Research4 ( 4 ) 323 - 332 2019.2Reviewed
Heima M, Heaton L, Gunzler D, Morris N . A mediation analysis study: The influence of mothers' dental anxiety on children's dental utilization among low-income African Americans. . Community dentistry and oral epidemiology45 ( 6 ) 506 - 511 2017.12Reviewed
Heima M, Ferretti M, Qureshi M, Ferretti G . The effect of social geographic factors on the untreated tooth decay among head start children. . Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry9 ( 10 ) e1224 - e1229 2017.10Reviewed
Heima M, Heaton LJ, Ng HH, Roccoforte EC . Dental fear among transgender individuals - a cross-sectional survey. . Special care in dentistry37 ( 5 ) 212 - 222 2017.9Reviewed
Heima M, Harrison MA, Milgrom P . Oral health and medical conditions among Amish children. . Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry9 ( 3 ) e338 - e343 2017.3Reviewed
Pinto A, Arem S, Heima M, Syed A, Chmieliauskaite M, Xu Y, Sachdeva S, Jadallah B. . Pain drawing characteristics and risk for sleep breathing disorders in an orofacial pain service . Sleep Medicine 40 e260 - e261 2017Reviewed
Heima M, Ranginwala T, Teich S . "Dentists' and dietitians' recommendations of snacks and dental caries experience among kindergarteners". . Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry8 ( 5 ) e556 - e560 2016.12Reviewed
Teich S, Al-Rawi W, Heima M, Faddoul FF, Goldzweig G, Gutmacher Z, Aizenbud D . Image quality evaluation of eight complementary metal-oxide semiconductor intraoral digital X-ray sensors. . International dental journal66 ( 5 ) 264 - 271 2016.10Reviewed
De Veaux CK, Montagnese TA, Heima M, Aminoshariae A, Mickel A . The Effect of Various Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen on the Hypersensitive Gag Reflex. . Anesthesia progress63 ( 4 ) 181 - 184 2016Reviewed
Heima M, Milgrom P . Soda Consumption May Increase Risk of Dental Caries in Primary Teeth of Low-income African Americans. . The journal of evidence-based dental practice15 ( 4 ) 200 - 201 2015.12Invited Reviewed
Teich ST, Alonso AA, Lang L, Heima M . Dental Students' Learning Experiences and Preferences Regarding Orofacial Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. . Journal of dental education79 ( 10 ) 1208 - 1214 2015.10Reviewed
Teich ST, Heima M, Lang L . Dental Students' Use of AMSTAR to Critically Appraise Systematic Reviews. . Journal of dental education79 ( 9 ) 1031 - 1039 2015.9Reviewed
Heima M, Lee W, Milgrom P, Nelson S . Caregiver's education level and child's dental caries in African Americans: a path analytic study. . Caries research49 ( 2 ) 177 - 183 2015Reviewed
Lee W, Spiekerman C, Heima M, Eggertsson H, Ferretti G, Milgrom P, Nelson S . The effectiveness of xylitol in a school-based cluster-randomized clinical trial. . Caries research49 ( 1 ) 41 - 49 2015Reviewed
Alonso AA, Heima M, Lang LA, Teich ST . Dental students' perceived level of competence in orofacial pain. . Journal of dental education78 ( 10 ) 1379 - 1387 2014.10Reviewed
Aminoshariae A, Teich S, Heima M, Kulild JC . The role of insurance and training in dental decision making. . Journal of endodontics40 ( 8 ) 1082 - 1086 2014.8Reviewed
Teich ST, Joseph J, Sartori N, Heima M, Duarte S . Dental floss selection and its impact on evaluation of interproximal contacts in licensure exams. . Journal of dental education78 ( 6 ) 921 - 926 2014.6Reviewed
Nelson S, Albert JM, Geng C, Curtan S, Lang K, Miadich S, Heima M, Malik A, Ferretti G, Eggertsson H, Slayton RL, Milgrom P. . Increased enamel hypoplasia and very low birth weight infants. . J Dent Res. 92 ( 9 ) 788 - 94 2013Reviewed
Nelson S, Mandelaris J, Ferretti G, Heima M, Spiekerman C, Milgrom P . School screening and parental reminders in increasing dental care for children in need: a retrospective cohort study. . Journal of public health dentistry72 ( 1 ) 45 - 52 2012Reviewed
Coolidge T, Skaret E, Heima M, Johnson EK, Hillstead MB, Farjo N, Asmyhr O, Weinstein P . Thinking about going to the dentist: a Contemplation Ladder to assess dentally-avoidant individuals' readiness to go to a dentist. . BMC oral health11 4 2011.1Reviewed
Pickrell JE, Hosaka K, Jackson DL, Heima M, Kharasch E, Milgrom PM . Expanded studies of the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers. . Journal of clinical psychopharmacology29 ( 5 ) 426 - 431 2009.10Reviewed
Hosaka K, Jackson D, Pickrell JE, Heima M, Milgrom P . Flumazenil reversal of sublingual triazolam: a randomized controlled clinical trial. . Journal of the American Dental Association140 ( 5 ) 559 - 566 2009.5Reviewed
Coolidge T, Heima M, Johnson EK, Weinstein P . The Dental Neglect Scale in adolescents. . BMC oral health9 2 2009.1Reviewed
Milgrom P, Heima M, Tomar S, Kunzel C . Research productivity of members of IADR Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group: relationship to professional and personal factors. . Journal of dental education72 ( 10 ) 1142 - 1148 2008.10Reviewed
Pickrell JE, Heima M, Weinstein P, Coolidge T, Coldwell SE, Skaret E, Castillo J, Milgrom P . Using memory restructuring strategy to enhance dental behaviour. . International journal of paediatric dentistry17 ( 6 ) 439 - 448 2007.11Reviewed
Coolidge T, Heima M, Coldwell SE, Weinstein P, Milgrom P . Psychometric properties of the Revised Dental Beliefs Survey. . Community dentistry and oral epidemiology33 ( 4 ) 289 - 297 2005.8Reviewed
Nakai Y, Hirakawa T, Milgrom P, Coolidge T, Heima M, Mori Y, Ishihara C, Yakushiji N, Yoshida T, Shimono T . The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale in Japan. . Community dentistry and oral epidemiology33 ( 3 ) 196 - 204 2005.6Reviewed
Coolidge T, Heima M, Coldwell SE, Weinstein P, Logan HL, Milgrom P. . Reliability and validity of the Revised Iowa Dental Control Index in a non-clinical sample. . Personality and individual differences. 38 ( 4 ) 773 - 83 2005Reviewed
Coolidge T, Heima M, Heaton LJ, Nakai Y, H?skuldsson O, Smith TA, Weinstein P, Milgrom P. . The Child Dental Control Assessment (CDCA) in youth: reliability, validity and cross-cultural differences. . Eur J Paediatr Dent6 ( 1 ) 35 - 43 2005Reviewed
Masahiro Heima . Behavioral Science in Dentistry -The influence of stress recognition on the nasal skin temperature- . Jpa J Ped Dent33 ( 1 ) 84 - 93 2000.3Reviewed
Promising effects of an online studying abroad program with cultural exchange
Heima M., Ying-Chu L., Miura H., Indo H., Nishitani Y.
Journal of Dental Education 86 ( S1 ) 787 - 788 2022.6
The Power of Behavior Sciences Invited International conference
2024.9
Introduction of Management Pediatric Patients in Dental Practice Invited International conference
2023.5
Research in Pediatric Dentistry Invited International conference
2023.6
Prevention of Dental Caries by Alternative Care, Silver Diamine Fluoride and others Invited International conference
2023.6
Pain Management for children Invited International conference
2023.5
Management Pediatric Patients in Dental Practice Invited International conference
2023.5
Behavioural Pediatric Dentistry Invited International conference
2023.5
Behavioural Methods for Reducing Anxiety Invited International conference
2023.5
Nonpharmacologic Behaviour Management Invited International conference
2023.5
Developmental Child Behaviour Invited International conference
2023.5
Heima M, Yuki YOSHITOMI, Ryusei FUKATA, Tukasa YAMASAKI, Daniel McNeil Test-retest Reliability of Japanese Questionnaires for Fear of Pain International coauthorship International conference
IADR/APR General Session 2022.6 International Association for dental research
Hirota K, Aoyama Y, Kinjo S, Heaton LJ, Coldwell SE, Heima M Development of the Japanese Labeled Magnitude Scale for Dentin Hypersensitivity International coauthorship International conference
IADR/APR General Session 2021.6 IADR
Introduction of Management Pediatric Patients in Dental Practice Invited International conference
2022.5
Research in Pediatric Dentistry Invited International conference
2022.5
Behaviour Control Invited International conference
2022.5
Prevention of Dental Caries by Alternative Care, Silver Diamine Fluoride and others Invited International conference
2022.5
Pain Management for children Invited International conference
2022.5
Management Pediatric Patients in Dental Practice Invited International conference
2022.5
Behavioural Pediatric Dentistry Invited International conference
2022.5
Behavioural Methods for Reducing anxiety Invited International conference
2022.5
Nonpharmacologic Behaviour Management Invited International conference
2022.5
Developmental Child Behaviour Invited International conference
2022.5
Heima M, Lin YC, Indo H, Miura H, Nishitani Y Report of an Online International Student Exchange Program International coauthorship International conference
2021 IADR/AADR/CADR General Session IADR/AADR/CADR
Hirota K, Aoyama Y, Kinjo S, Heaton LJ, Coldwell SE, Heima M Development of the Japanese Labeled Magnitude Scale for Dentin Hypersensitivity International coauthorship International conference
2021 IADR/AADR/CADR General Session IADR/AADR/CADR
Owen, C. K., Lilly, C. L., Hickey, K., Quetsch, L. B., Heima, M., McNeil, C. B., & McNeil, D. W. Evaluating child dental fear, child behavior, and caregiver-child interactions during pediatric dental appointments International coauthorship International conference
2020.11 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
MASAHIRO HEIMA, JENIFFER PEREDA, AND NIKITA SALWAN Patient’s Demand for Use of a Handheld Mirror for Restorative Dental Treatment Invited International conference
IADR, Behavioral and Social Oral Health Sciences Summit
Owen CK, Lilly CL, Hickey KM, Quetsch LB, Heima M, McNeil CB, McNeil CW Investigating Relationships between Child Dental Fear, Child Behavior, and Caregiver-Child Interactions during Young Child Dental Appointments Invited International conference
IADR, Behavioral and Social Oral Health Sciences Summit
Perez LNB, Maeda A, Heima M Methods of Children's Behavior Assessment During Restorative Treatment International conference
AAPD annual meeting
Heima M, Owen CK, Hickey KM, Lilly CL, Quetsch LB, McNeil CB, McNeil CW Can It Be Fun?: Best Behavioral Practices in Dental Care for Preschoolers- Using Dental-Specific Codes to Evaluate the Behavior of Preschoolers during Dental Appointments Invited International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Eackles K, Owen CK, Lilly CL, Quetsch LB, Hickey K, Heima M, McNeil CB, McNeil CW Exploring Provider-Patient Interactions with Young Children in the Dental Setting International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Maeda A, Pereda J, Perez LNB, Heima M Effectiveness of Handheld Mirror on Children's Behavior during Restorative Treatment International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Lipinski SM, Simpson M, Owen CK, Quetsch LB, Hickey K, Eackles K, Lilly CL, Heima M, McNeil CB, McNeil CW Exploring the Impact of Waiting Time on Child Behavior During Dental Appointments International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Kim S, Mui P, Vincent A, Heima M Behavior Assessment during Therapy Dog Intervention in Dental Treatment Invited International conference
The Hinman Student Research Symposium
Kim S, Mui P, Vincent A, Heima M Behavior Assessment during Therapy Dog Intervention in Dental Treatment International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Yan R, Yang RG, Ng B, ChoudaryLS, Heaton JL, Heima M Reliability and Validity of a Measure of Dental Injection Pain International conference
International Association for Dental Research
Kim S, Mui P, Easton S, Salwan N, Vincent A, Heima M Reliability and Validity of a Behavior Assessment System during Therapy Dog Intervention International conference
Professionals day, CWRU
Aviva Vincent, Jordan Sterman, Sunghyun Kim, Sandhya Purighalia, Nikita Salwan, Phil Muy, Sarah Easton, Katharine Bussert, Masahiro Heima, Supriya Gaitonde, John Stebbins, Kathmeen Farkas Feasibility of Canine Support in Pediatric Dentistry a pilot study International conference
Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research Virtual Salivary Bioscience Conference
Methods of Children’s Behavior Assessment During Restorative Treatment International coauthorship International conference
AAPD annual meeting 2020.5 American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
山崎 由花, 野村 恭子, 佐藤 克哉, 野原 理子, 片岡 仁美, 大久保 由美子, 苅田 香苗, 平間 雅博, 清水 郁夫, 北野 尚美, 小塩 真司 理系アカデミアのパワハラ・アカハラ可能性測定尺度の開発
医学教育 2023.7 (一社)日本医学教育学会
山崎 由花, 野村 恭子, 佐藤 克哉, 野原 理子, 片岡 仁美, 大久保 由美子, 苅田 香苗, 平間 雅博, 清水 郁夫, 北野 尚美, 小塩 真司 理系アカデミアのパワハラ・アカハラ可能性測定尺度の開発
医学教育 2023.7 (一社)日本医学教育学会
先端医療機器を応用した出張型歯科診療体験
2024.6 - 2024.7
国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 さくらサイエンスプログラム
Authorship：Principal investigator Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\1021784 （ Direct Cost: \1021784 ）
性的マイノリティにおける日常的差別の受診行動への影響と受診促進
Grant number：24K13293 2024.4 - 2027.3
日本学術振興会 科学研究費 補助金 基盤研究(C)（一般）
Authorship：Principal investigator Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\4550000 （ Direct Cost: \3500000 、 Indirect Cost：\1050000 ）
先端医療機器を応用した出張型歯科診療体験
2023.10 - 2023.12
国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 さくらサイエンスプログラム
Authorship：Principal investigator Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\618496 （ Direct Cost: \618496 ）
Scale Development on Perception of Academic Bullying among Graduate Students and Faculty Members in Life Sciences and Engineering Departments
Grant number：21H03171 2021.4 - 2025.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Grant amount：\14170000 （ Direct Cost: \10900000 、 Indirect Cost：\3270000 ）
Cognitive Interventions in Pediatric Dentistry
National Institute of Health, Institute National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research
Peter Milgrom
Grant type：Competitive
国際医療人育成学I
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラムVI
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラムV
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラムⅠV
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラIII
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラII
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
海外歯科研修プログラムⅠ
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
国際医療人育成学IV
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
国際医療人育成学III
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
国際医療人育成学II
Level：Undergraduate (specialized)
歯科解剖学
小児歯科学
Research Methods DENT 514
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Professional Development LDRS 310 as an additional faculty
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Professional Development LDRS 310
Pediatric Dentistry Resident Research Program
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Pediatric Dentistry Resident Research Program
Pediatric Dentistry COMP478
Pediatric Dentistry COMP378
Pediatric Dentistry
Institution：Okayama Dental Laboratory Technicians School
Essentials of Pediatric Dentistry REMA 371
Dental Anatomy
Institution：Okayama Dental Laboratory Technicians School
Clinical Management of the Fearful and Phobic Patients DPHS 640
Institution：University of Washington
Clinical Management of the Fearful and Phobic Patients DPHS 640
Behavioral Considerations in Oral Health Care DENT 518
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Behavioral Considerations in Oral Health Care
Development of International Dentist
Institution：Kagoshima University
国際医療人育成学I-IV
Institution：鹿児島大学
Research Methods
Pediatric Dentistry COMP478
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Pediatric Dentistry COMP378
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Essentials of Pediatric Dentistry REMA 371
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Development of International Dentist
Institution：Kagoshima University
Essentials of Pediatric Dentistry REMA 371
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
国際医療人育成学I-IV
Institution：鹿児島大学
Research Methods
Pediatric Dentistry COMP478
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
Pediatric Dentistry COMP378
Institution：Case Western Reserve University
韓国の歯学生が最先端の研究学ぶ Newspaper, magazine
日本歯科新聞社 日本歯科新聞 2023.2
鹿児島大と韓国・慶熙大学校歯学生国際医療で議論 Newspaper, magazine
南日本新聞 南日本新聞 2023.1
韓国・慶熙大学校歯学生国際医療人育成学の講義を受ける国際医療で議論 TV or radio program
鹿児島読売テレビ 鹿児島読売テレビ ニュース（1/24夕方放送） 2023.1
行動を科学する Promotional material
鹿児島県歯科医師会 鹿歯会報 TEETHFUL 2022
Ease fear, improve oral health: Memory-reconstruction for “good” dental experience Promotional material
KU TODAY Kagoshima University Newsletter, Special Issue Faculty of Dentistry 2019
Education level, dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health
2015.5
Parental Action Can Influence a Child’s Oral Health Internet
2015.5
Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver’s behavior
2015.5
Education level, dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health
2015.5
Education level, dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health
2015.5
Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver’s behavior
2015.5
Caregiver's behavior influences oral health habits in children
2015.5
Education level and dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health; Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver behavior (Case Western Reserve University)
2015.5
Education level and dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health; Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver behavior
Think Think 2015.5
May 4, 2015 Education level and dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health; Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver behavior
HealthNewsChannel.com HealthNewsChannel.com 2015.5
Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver’s behavior
EurekAlert! (NAT) EurekAlert! (NAT) 2015.5
Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver’s behavior
Medical Xpress (NAT) Medical Xpress (NAT) 2015.5
Researchers hope to improve dental health by changing caregiver’s behavior
Science Daily (NAT) Science Daily (NAT) 2015.5
Education level, dental habits of low-income parents linked to their children’s oral health
HealthCanal.com (NAT) HealthCanal.com (NAT) 2015.5
