Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Background: Taste buds contain similar to 60 elongate cells and several basal cells. Elongate cells comprise three functional taste cell types: I, glial cells; II, bitter/sweet/umami receptor cells; and III, sour detectors. Although taste cells are continuously renewed, lineage relationships among cell types are ill-defined. Basal cells have been proposed as taste bud stem cells, a subset of which express Sonic hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh1 basal cells turn over rapidly suggesting that Shh1 cells are post-mitotic precursors of some or all taste cell types. Results: To fate map Shh-expressing cells, mice carrying ShhCreER(T2) and a high (CAG-CAT-EGFP) or low (R26RLacZ) efficiency reporter allele were given tamoxifen to activate Cre in Shh1 cells. Using R26RLacZ, lineage-labeled cells occur singly within buds, supporting a post-mitotic state for Shh1 cells. Using either reporter, we show that Shh1 cells differentiate into all three taste cell types, in proportions reflecting cell type ratios in taste buds (I > II > III). Conclusions: Shh1 cells are not stem cells, but are post-mitotic, immediate precursors of taste cells. Shh1 cells differentiate into each of the three taste cell types, and the choice of a specific taste cell fate is regulated to maintain the proper ratio within buds. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/DVDY.24121

Web of Science

Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Tastants reach the tip of taste bud cells through taste pores which are openings in the epithelium. We found Sprr2a is selectively expressed in the upper layer of the epithelium surrounding taste buds in the circumvallate papilla (CV) where the epithelium is organized into taste pores. Sprr2a is a member of a small proline-rich protein family, which is suggested to be involved in the restitution/migration phase of epithelial wound healing. The expression of Sprr2a was restricted to the upper layer and largely segregated with Ptch1 expression that is restricted to the basal side of the epithelium around the taste buds. Denervation resulted in the gradual loss of Sprr2a-expressing cells over 10 days similarly to that of taste bud cells which is in contrast to the rapid loss of Ptch1 expression. We also found that denervation caused an increase of Keratin (Krt)13 expression around taste buds that corresponded with the disappearance of Sprr2a and Ptch1 expression. Taste buds were surrounded by Krt13-negative cells in the CV in control mice. However, at 6 days post-denervation, taste buds were tightly surrounded by Krt13-positive cells. During taste bud development, taste bud cells emerged together with Krt13-negtive cells, and Sprr2a expression was increased along with the progress of taste bud development. These results demonstrate that regional gene expression surrounding taste buds is associated with taste bud formation and controlled by the innervating taste nerve. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.012

Web of Science

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

The effects of aging on the umami sensation were compared between the preference and neural responses from the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP innervating the soft palate) and the chorda tympani nerve (CT innervating the fungiform papillae) in the Sprague Dawley rat. A two-bottle preference test revealed that younger rats (5-12 weeks) preferred significantly 0.001 M 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP), 0.01 M mono sodium glutamate (MSG), and binary mixtures of 0.001 M IMP + 0.01 M MSG than deionized water. However, aged rats (21-22 months) showed no significant preference to these umami solutions compared to deionized water. Among the other four basic taste stimuli, there were no significant differences in preference between young and aged rats. Regardless of the age of the rat, neural responses from the GSP and CT produced robust integrated responses to all three umami solutions used in the two-bottle tests. These results indicate that the lack of preference to umami in aged rats is a central nervous system phenomenon and suggests that the loss of preference to umami taste in aged rats is caused by homeostatic changes in the brain incurred by aging. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.018

Web of Science

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Neural responses to sweet and bitter stimuli in the rat and mouse are compared to the expression of the molecular taste receptors, Tas1r2/Tas2rs. Integrated taste responses from the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) innervating the soft palate (SP) and the chorda tympani (CT) nerve innervating the fungiform papillae (FF) were recorded in C57BL mice and SD rats. The sum of the phasic and tonic response magnitudes (SRM) was calculated by summating all relative mean responses to a concentration series of QHCl (10(-6)-10(-2)M) or Suc (10(-4)-1.0M). Molecular expression was analyzed by double-colored in situ hybridization for Gα-gustducin with Tas1r2 or Tas2rs in the SP and FF. The vast majority of cells expressing Tas1r2 or Tas2rs were included in Gα-gustducin-expressing cells in the SP of both species. Unexpectedly, a comparison between species revealed that the SRM from the GSP is not positively correlated with receptor expression in the SP. In the rat SP, the percentage of Tas2rs with Gα-gustducin (Tas2rs/gust, 65%) was twice larger than that for Tas1r2/gust (33%), while the SRM to Suc in the rat GSP was 1.5 times (tonic and phasic) larger than that to QHCl. In the mouse SP, the percentage of Tas2rs/gust (46%) was less than that in the rat and similar to that of Tas1r2/gust (40%). However, the SRM to QHCl in the mouse GSP was 2.4 (phasic) and 4.7 (tonic) times larger than to Suc. On the other hand, threshold to Suc in the rat GSP was 10(-3)M, one log unit lower than in mouse, and the threshold to QHCl in the mouse GSP was 10(-6)M, one log unit lower than in rat. These results suggest that the robust GSP response to Suc in rat and to QHCl in mouse likely do not depend upon a large number of taste cells expressing the taste receptors Tas1r2 for Suc or Tas2rs for QHCl, but upon a higher density of Tas1r2/Tas2rs within the respective taste cells of the two species.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.014

PubMed

To clarify the regional differences in the expression and functional significance of Gα-gustducin in soft palate (SP) and fungiform (FF) taste buds, we examined the coexpression of Gα-gustducin with taste receptors and the impact of Gα-gustducin knockout (gKO) on neural responses to several sweet and bitter compounds. Sweet responses from both the greater superficial petrosal (GSP) and chorda tympani (CT) nerves in gKO mice were markedly depleted, reflecting overlapping expression of Gα-gustducin and Tas1r2. However, although Gα-gustducin was expressed in 87% and 88% of Tas2rs cells in the SP and FF, respectively, there were no statistically significant differences in the CT responses to quinine-HCl (QHCl) and denatonium (Den) between gKO and wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, GSP responses to these compounds were markedly reduced in gKO mice with an apparent elevation of thresholds (>10-fold). These results suggest that 1) Gα-gustducin plays a critical role in sweet transduction in both the SP and the FF, 2) other Gα subunits coexpressed with Gα-gustducin in the FF are sufficient for responses to QHCl and Den, and 3) robust GSP responses to QHCl and Den occur in the SP by a Gα-gustducin-dependent mechanism, which is absent in the FF.

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjr098

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Taste buds contain three types of taste cells. Each type can respond to taste stimulation, and type II and III taste cells are electrically excitable. However, there are differences between the properties of type II and ill taste cells. In this study, we found that Fxyd6, an Na,K-ATPase regulator gene, is expressed in type II taste cells in the taste buds of mice. Double-labeled in situ hybridization analysis showed that Fxyd6 was coexpressed with transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 5 (Trpm5), a critical component of the sweet, bitter, and umami taste signal transduction pathways and that it was specifically expressed in type II taste cells. We also found that taste cells frequently coexpressed Fxyd6 and Na,K-ATPase beta 1. These results indicate the presence of an inherent mechanism that regulated transmembrane Na+ dynamics in type II taste cells.

DOI： 10.1271/bbb.100718

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2010&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20110218190015&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2010%2F001703%2F016%2F0223-0224%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2010%2F001703%2F016%2F0223-0224%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Publisher：UNIV PISA  

While the taste periphery has been studied for over a century, we are only beginning to understand how this important sensory system. is maintained throughout adult life. With the advent of molecular genetics in rodent models, and the upswing in translational approaches that impact human patients, we expect the field will make significant advances in the near future.

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated calcium (IP(3)-Ca(2+)) signal cascade is an essential process in sweet, bitter, and umami taste signal transduction. Although the main components of this cascade have been identified, the candidate regulators of them in taste tissues are still unclear. In an effort to identify genes involved in taste signal transduction, we found that a gene encoding lymphoid-restricted membrane protein (Lrmp/Jaw1) was expressed in mouse taste tissues. Here we report that Lrmp/Jaw1 is specifically expressed in sweet, bitter, and umami taste receptor-expressing cells of mouse circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae. In addition to this specific expression patterns, we found that Lrmp/Jaw1 is associated with type III IP(3) receptor (IP(3)R3) via its coiled-coil domain in the COS7 heterologous expression system. These results raise the possibility that Lrmp/Jaw1 interacts with IP(3)R3 in taste cells and suggest an important role for Lrmp/Jaw1 in the IP(3)-Ca(2+) signal cascade in sweet, bitter, and umami taste signal transduction.

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjp097

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2009&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20100209230002&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2009%2F001603%2F004%2F0269-0270%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2009%2F001603%2F004%2F0269-0270%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2009&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20100209230008&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2009%2F001603%2F011%2F0291-0292%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2009%2F001603%2F011%2F0291-0292%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Gustducin, a Got Subunit expressed in taste cells, is known as a key molecule for sweet, Umami and bitter taste signal transduction. However, previous studies demonstrated that the contribution of gustducin to the sweet/umami responses in the posterior region of the tongue is less than that ill the anterior region, implying the existence of another G alpha subunit mediating sweet/umami taste signal transductional. Here, we Propose G alpha 14, a member of G alpha q family, as the candidate mediator. G alpha 14 was found in our Subtracted full-length cDNA library derived from mouse circumvallate papillae (CV) and expressed in a subset of taste cells in CV and foliate papillae, but not in fungiform papillae and soft palate. G alpha 14 was co-expressed with T1r3, a sweet/umami taste receptor, but not with gustducin in CV. These results suggest the important roles of G alpha 14 in sweet/umami taste signal transduction in the posterior region of the tongue. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.035

Web of Science

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although embryonic expression of Shh in the fungiform papilla placodes has a critical role in fungiform papilla patterning, it remains unclear whether its appearance indicates the differentiation of the basal cells of taste buds. To examine the embryonic development of the basal cells, the expression of Shh, Prox1, and Mash1 was determined in the anterior tongue and soft palate in mouse embryos by in situ hybridization. In the anterior tongue, Prox1 was coexpressed with Shh from the beginning of Shh expression in the fungiform papilla placodes at E12.5. Shh was expressed in the soft palate in a band-like pattern in the anteriormost region and in a punctate pattern in the posterior region at E14.5. The number (21.4 +/- 4.3, at E14.5) of locations where Shh was observed (i.e., spots) rapidly increased and reached a peak level (54.8 +/- 4.0 at E15.5). Also in the soft palate, Prox1 was coexpressed with Shh from the beginning of Shh expression. These results suggest that basal cell differentiation occurs synchronously with the patterning of Shh spots both in the anterior tongue and in the soft palate. In contrast, Mash1 expression lagged behind the expression of Shh and Prox1 and began after the number of Shh spots had reached its peak level in the soft palate. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of PGP9.5 and Shh revealed that epithelial innervation slightly preceded Mash1 expression both in the tongue and in the soft palate. This is the first report describing the time courses of the embryonic expression of basal cell markers of taste buds.

DOI： 10.1002/cne.21738

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2007&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20071228200039&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2007%2F001403%2F049%2F0399-0402%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2007%2F001403%2F049%2F0399-0402%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Type III IP3 receptor (IP3R3) is one of the common critical calcium-signaling molecules for sweet, umami, and bitter signal transduction in taste cells, and the total IP3R3-expressing cell population represents all cells mediating these taste modalities in the taste buds. Although gustducin, a taste cell-specific G-protein, is also involved in sweet, umami, and bitter signal transduction, the expression of gustducin is restricted to different subsets of IP3R3-expressing cells by location in the tongue. Based on the expression patterns of gustducin and taste receptors in the tongue, the function of gustducin has been implicated primarily in bitter taste in the circumvallate (CV) papillae and in sweet taste in the fungiform (FF) papillae. However, in the soft palate (SP), the expression pattern of gustducin remains unclear and little is known about its function. In the present paper, the expression patterns of gustducin and IP3R3 in taste buds of the SP and tongue papillae in the rat were examined by double-color whole-mount immunohistochemistry. Gustducin was expressed in almost all (96.7%) IP3R3-expressing cells in taste buds of the SP, whereas gustducin-positive cells were 42.4% and 60.1% of IP3R3-expressing cells in FF and CV, respectively. Our data suggest that gustducin is involved in signal transduction of all the tastes of sweet, umami, and bitter in the SP, in contrast to its limited function in the tongue.

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjm036

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2006&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20061227090048&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2006%2F001303%2F087%2F0545-0546%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2006%2F001303%2F087%2F0545-0546%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

Mammalian taste buds are maintained through continuous cell renewal so that taste bud cells are constantly generated from progenitor cells throughout life. Taste bud cells are composed of basal cells and elongated cells. Elongated cells are derived from basal cells and contain taste receptor cells (TRC). Morphologically, elongated cells consist of three distinct types of cells: Types I, II and III. In contrast to the remarkable progress in understanding of the molecular basis for taste reception, the mechanisms of taste bud maintenance have remained a major area of inquiry. In this article, we review the expression of regulatory genes in taste buds and their involvement in taste bud cell differentiation. Three major topics include: 1) the Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing cell in the basal cell in taste buds as a transient precursor of elongated cells and as a signal center for the proliferation of progenitor cells; 2) the Mash1-expressing cell as an immature cell state of both Type II and Type III cells and as a mature cell state of Type III cell; and 3) the nerve dependency of gene expression in taste buds. Problems in the application of NCAM for the type III cell marker are also discussed.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.69.209

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：鹿児島大学歯学部  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2006&ichushi_jid=J00245&link_issn=&doc_id=20060829020004&doc_link_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10232%2F402&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10232%2F402&type=%8E%AD%8E%99%93%87%91%E5%8Aw%81F%8E%AD%8E%99%93%87%91%E5%8Aw%83%8A%83%7C%83W%83g%83%8A&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F80042_3.gif

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2005&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20051229400006&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2005%2F001203%2F012%2F0255-0256%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2005%2F001203%2F012%2F0255-0256%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2005&ichushi_jid=J04102&link_issn=&doc_id=20051229400022&doc_link_id=%2Fcw7jasts%2F2005%2F001203%2F038%2F0345-0346%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcw7jasts%2F2005%2F001203%2F038%2F0345-0346%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a type III cell marker in the taste buds. In order to clarify the cell type of Mash1-expressing cells in taste buds, expression of NCAM was examined in Mash1-expressing taste cells of adult mice in comparison with gustducin- and T1r3-expressing cells, using a combination of NCAM immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. About 98% of Mash1-expressing cells were NCAM immunopositive (IP), suggesting that Mash1-expressing cells should be categorized as type III cells. Unexpectedly, small subsets of gustducin- and T1r3-expressing cells were also found to be NCAM-IP, contradicting previous immunohistochemical studies in rats, in which gustducin-IP cells were observed specifically in type II cells, which do not have NCAM immunoreactivity. Examinations of developing taste buds showed temporal changes in the ratio of NCAM-IP cells in gustducin- and T1r3-expressing cells; the ratio of NCAM-IP cells in these gene-expressing cells were similar to 90% at 0.5 days after birth and decreased markedly during development. In contrast, the majority of Mash1-expressing cells showed constant NCAM immunoreactivity throughout development. In addition, BrdU-labeling experiments showed that the differentiation of Mash1-expressing cells precedes those of gustducin- and T1r3-expressing cells in taste buds of adult mice. These results suggest that T1r3- and gustducin-expressing cells are NCAM-IP at the beginning of cell differentiation, and that NCAM immunoreactivity in gustducin- and T1r3-expressing cells might remain from the previous developmental stage expressing Mash1.

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bji031

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjh094

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjh108

Web of Science

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

The nerve-dependency of gene expression in mouse taste bud was examined through an analysis of changes in gene expression in and around the taste buds in circumvallate papillae after surgery of cranial nerve IXth (glossopharyngeal nerve). The number of cells expressing T1r3, gustducin, Mash1 and Nkx2.2 gradually decreased after denervation. However, the expression intensity of these genes was barely influenced by denervation, and strong expression was observed at 6 days after denervation. In contrast, the basal cell-specific Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the taste buds was decreased markedly at 6 h after denervation. In the regeneration process of taste buds, Shh expression was observed during a very early phase before taste bud formation. These results indicate the autonomous transcriptional control of genes in differentiated taste cells and the strong nerve-dependency of Shh expression in basal cells. Furthermore, in order to reveal the mitotic activity of Shh-expressing cells in taste buds, the BrdU-labeling experiments were performed using a combination of BrdU-immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. BrdU-signal was very rarely observed in Shh-expressing cells immediately after BrdU injection, and the signals were noted mainly in Ptc-expressing cells. BrdU signals rapidly increased in Shh-expressing cells in following 12 h and began to decrease after 2 days post-injection. These results suggest that most Shh-expressing cells are not mitotically active, but that Shh-expressing cells may be in the early transient developmental state of taste cells in taste buds.

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjh248

Web of Science

Publisher：ENDOCRINE SOC  

Leptin is a hormone that regulates body weight homeostasis mainly via the hypothalamic functional leptin receptor Ob-Rb. Recently, we proposed that the taste organ is a new peripheral target for leptin. Leptin selectively inhibits mouse taste cell responses to sweet substances and thereby may act as a sweet taste modulator. The present study further investigated leptin action on the taste system by examining expression of Ob-Rb in taste cells and behavioral responses to sweet substances in leptin-deficient ob/ob, and Ob-Rb-deficient db/db mice and their normal litter mates. RT-PCR analysis showed that Ob-Rb was expressed in taste cells in all strains tested. The db/db mice, however, had a RT-PCR product containing an abnormal db insertion that leads to an impaired shorter intracellular domain. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the hybridization signals for normal Ob-Rb mRNA were detected in taste cells in lean and ob/ob mice but not in db/db mice. Two different behavioral tests, one using sweet-bitter mixtures as taste stimuli and the other a conditioned taste aversion paradigm, demonstrated that responses to sucrose and saccharin were significantly decreased after ip injection of leptin in ob/ob and normal littermates, but not in db/db mice. These results suggest that leptin suppresses behavioral responses to sweet substances through its action on Ob-Rb in taste cells. Such taste modulation by leptin may be involved in regulation for food intake.

DOI： 10.1210/en.2003-0602

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In order to understand differences in taste sensitivities of taste bud cells between the anterior and posterior part of tongue, it is important to analyze the regional expression patterns of genes related to taste signal transduction on the tongue. Here we examined the expression pattern of a taste receptor family, the T1r family, and gustducin in circumvallate and fungiform papillae of the mouse tongue using double-labeled in situ hybridization. Each member of the T1r family was expressed in both circumvallate and fungiform papillae with some differences in their expression patterns. The most striking difference between fungiform and circumvallate papillae was observed in their co-expression patterns of T1r2, T1r3, and gustducin. T1r2-positive cells in fungiform papillae coexpressed T1r3 and gustducin, whereas T1r2 and T1r3 double-positive cells in circumivallate papillae merely expressed gustducin. These results suggested that in fungiform papillae, gustducin might play a role in the sweet taste signal transduction cascade mediated by a sweet receptor based on the T1r2 and T1r3 combination, in fungiform papillae. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.137

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

In mammals, taste buds are maintained by continuous turnover of cells, even in adulthood. Cell proliferation and differentiation continue to produce taste cells, which express various genes related to taste reception. We found the co-expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) with Prox1 and that of Nkx2.2 with Mash1 in adult mouse taste buds. Whereas Prox1 was expressed strongly in cells in the basal region of mouse taste buds where Shh was co-expressed, it was expressed weakly in almost all taste bud cells lacking Shh expression. At 0.5 day after birth, when taste cells have not yet differentiated, the expressions of Shh and Prox1 completely overlapped in the epithelium of circumvallate papillae. Nkx2.2 was observed in cells expressing Mash1, but not in cells expressing genes related to taste reception, such as gustducin and TIR3. Almost all fusiform cells expressing Mash1 co-expressed Nkx2.2, while the majority of round cells expressing Mash l in the basal region of taste buds lacked Nkx2.2 expression. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S1567-133X(03)00081-4

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

Leptin is a hormone that regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the taste organ is a new peripheral target for leptin in mice. Leptin selectively inhibits the responses of taste nerves and receptor cells to sweet substances without affecting responses to sour, salty, and bitter substances. Still, there is no convincing evidence for the existence of leptin receptors (Ob-Rs) in taste receptor cells, especially the functional isoform Ob-Rb. We investigated the expression of 5 different Ob-R isoforms (a-e) and 6 STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) members in mouse taste cells. STATs are considered to be involved in the leptin signaling via Ob-Rb. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Ob-Rb was expressed in the taste buds of the fungiform and circumvallate papillae, but not so clearly in the surrounding epithelial tissue. The expression pattern among the three different tissues was similar to that of the taste cell specific G-protein, a-gustducin. The other Ob-R isoforms were widely detected in either the taste papillae or the epithelial tissue. Among 6 STAT members, STAT3 showed the highest relative abundance of mRNA in the taste buds. Consistently, in situ hybridization analysis showed that while Ob-Rb and STAT3 signals were detected in some taste bud cells, the signals were not clearly observed in the epithelial tissue cells. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence of the existence of the leptin receptor, Ob-Rb, and STAT3 in the mouse taste bud cells. This finding further confirms the involvement of leptin in the control of taste sensitivities to sweet substances in mice.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.66.253

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Publisher：NATURE AMERICA INC  

Male embryonic mice with mutations in the X-linked aristaless-related homeobox gene (Arx) developed with small brains due to suppressed proliferation and regional deficiencies in the forebrain. These mice also showed aberrant migration and differentiation of interneurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic interneurons) in the ganglionic eminence and neocortex as well as abnormal testicular differentiation. These characteristics recapitulate some of the clinical features of X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) in humans. We found multiple loss-of-function mutations in ARX in individuals affected with XLAG and in some female relatives, and conclude that mutation of ARX causes XLAG. The present report is, to our knowledge, the first to use phenotypic analysis of a knockout mouse to identify a gene associated with an X-linked human brain malformation.

DOI： 10.1038/ng1009

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Taste bud cells have a limited lifespan and are continuously replaced just like other epithelial cells. Although there is some evidence that taste buds may arise from the local epithelium, taste receptor cells have neuronal properties. This implies that there must be a critical stage at which the epithelial precursor cells for taste receptor cells start to exhibit neural properties during the differentiation of the taste receptor cells. The expression of the neural-specific transcription factors Mash-1 and Prox-1 in the nervous system is transient and precedes neuronal differentiation. Therefore, we examined the expression of Mash-1 and Prox-1 in the epithelium of circumvallate papillae of the tongue in order to clarify the localization of the precursor cells with neural properties and observed that both expressions are restricted to the taste buds. Two-colour in situ hybridization showed that the signals for Mash-1 did not overlap those for taste receptor cell-specific genes such as gustducin and T1R2. In the process of development and regeneration of the taste buds, the expression of Mash-1 preceded that of gustducin and T1R2. These observations suggest that Mash-1 could be a candidate for a marker of immature taste receptor cells, including the cells that express gustducin and/or T1R2 at a later stage.

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC  

Tyrosinase is the key enzyme for synthesizing melanin pigments, which primarily determine mammalian skin coloration. Considering the important roles of pigments in the evolution and the adaptation of vertebrates, phylogenetic changes in the coding and flanking regulatory sequences of the tyrosinase gene are particularly intriguing. We have now cloned cDNA encoding tyrosinase from Japanese quail and snapping turtle. These nonmammalian cDNA are highly homologous to those of the mouse and human tyrosinases, whereas the 5' flanking sequences are far less conserved except for a few short sequence motifs. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the 5' flanking sequences from the quail or turtle tyrosinase genes are capable of directing the expression of a fused mouse tyrosinase cDNA when introduced into cultured mouse albino melanocytes. This experimental method, which reveals the functional conservation of regulatory sequences in one cell type (the melanocyte), may be utilized to evaluate phylogenetic differences in mechanisms controlling specific gene expression in many other types of cells. We also provide evidence that the 5' flanking sequences from these nonmammalian genes are functional in vivo by producing transgenic mice. Phylogenetic changes of vertebrate tyrosinase promoters and the possible involvement of conserved sequence motifs in melanocyte-specific expression of tyrosinase are discussed.

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

In mammals, taste receptor cells are organized into taste buds on tongue. Taste buds are trophically maintained by taste neurons and under continuous renewal, even in adults. We found that the receptor for Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Patched1 (Ptc), was expressed around taste buds where cells were proliferating, and that Shh was expressed within basal cells of taste buds. Denervation caused the loss of Shh and Ptc expression before the degeneration of taste buds. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00414-2

Web of Science

Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC  

A cDNA clone encoding a novel member of the putative taste receptor T1R family, designated T1R3, was isolated from circumvallate papillae of the mouse tongue using degenerate primers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed predominant expression of the receptor in circumvallate papillae. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that T1R3 was expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells in taste buds and that the topographic distribution of T1R3 in various taste papillae was different from those of the other T1R members. Genetic mapping of T1R3 with a mouse/hamster radiation hybrid panel located the gene on the distal end of mouse chromosome 4 correlated with the Sac locus affecting sweet sensitivity of mice. Our results indicate that T1R3 may serve as the receptor for sweet perception in mice. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

DOI： 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4760

Web of Science

Publisher：Japanese Society for Food Hygiene and Safety  

Seven lines of genetically modified (GM) maize have been authorized in Japan as foods and feeds imported from the USA. We improved a multiplex PCR method described in the previous report in order to distinguish the five lines of GM maize. Genomic DNA was extracted from GM maize with a silica spin column kit, which could reduce experimental time and improve safety in the laboratory and potentially in the environment. We sequenced recombinant DNA (r-DNA) introduced into GM maize, and re-designed new primer pairs to increase the specificity of PCR to distinguish five lines of GM maize by multiplex PCR. A primer pair for the maize intrinsic <i>zein</i> gene (<i>Ze1</i>) was also designed to confirm the presence of amplifiable maize DNA. The lengths of PCR products using these six primer pairs were different. The <i>Ze1</i> and the r-DNAs from the five lines of GM maize were qualitatively detected in one tube. The specific PCR bands were distinguishable from each other on the basis of the expected length. The r-DNA could be detected from maize samples containing 0.5% of each of the five lines of GM maize. The sensitivity would be acceptable to secure the verification of non-GMO materials and to monitor the reliability of the labeling system.

DOI： 10.3358/shokueishi.42.24

Web of Science

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010621847

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell  

CiNii Books

Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Leptin acts as a potent inhibitory factor against obesity by regulating energy expenditure, food intake, and adiposity. The obese diabetic db/db mouse, which has defects in leptin receptor, displays enhanced neural responses and elevated behavioral preference to sweet stimuli. Here, we show the effects of leptin on the peripheral taste system. An administration of leptin into lean mice suppressed responses of peripheral taste nerves (chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal) to sweet substances (sucrose and saccharin) without affecting responses to sour, salty, and bitter substances. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of activities of taste receptor cells isolated from circumvallate papillae (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve) demonstrated that leptin activated outward K+ currents, which resulted in hyperpolarization of taste cells. The db/db mouse with impaired leptin receptors showed no such leptin suppression. Taste tissue (circumvallate papilla) of lean mice expressed leptin-receptor mRNA and some of the taste cells exhibited immunoreactivities to antibodies of the leptin receptor. Taken together, these observations suggest that the taste organ is a peripheral target for leptin, and that leptin may be a sweet-sensing modulator (suppressor) that may take part in regulation of food intake. Defects in this leptin suppression system in db/db mice may lead to their enhanced peripheral neural responses and enhanced behavioral preferences for sweet substances.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.190066697

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FOOD HYG SOC JPN  

A method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed for the detection of genetically modified maize (GM-maize). There are four lines of GM-maize imported from the United States, and the presence of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the maize could be detected with four pairs of specific oligonucleotide primers designed from the sequences of the newly introduced genes. The maize zein gene was also detected as an internal control. This method allows specific detection of each of Bt11, Event176, MON810 and LIBERTY by using pairs of specific primers designed to amplify a segment including part: of the exogenously introduced sequence and part of the intrinsic maize sequence. The detection sensitivity was about 0.05% for Event176, MON810 and LIBERTY, and about 0.01% for Bt11. To distinguish among three insect-resistant GM-maize lines, we designed a multiplex PCR method. These three GM-maize lines were distinguishable on the basis of the expected lengths of their amplicons.

DOI： 10.3358/shokueishi.41.137

Web of Science

Publisher：COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD  

Pitx2, a bicoid-related homeobox gene, is involved in Rieger's syndrome and the left-right (L-R) asymmetrical pattern formation in body plan. In order to define the genomic structure and roles of Pitx2, we analyzed the genomic structure and generated Pitx2-deficient mice with the lacZ gene in the homeobox-containing exon of Pitx2, We were able to show that among three isoforms of Pitx2, Pitx2c shows asymmetrical expression whereas Pitx2a, Pitx2b and Pitx2c show symmetrical expression. In Pitx2(-/-) embryos there was an increase in mesodermal cells in the distal end of the left lateral body wall and an amnion continuous with the lateral body wall thickened in its mesodermal layer These changes resulted in a failure of ventral body wall closure. In lung and heart in which Pitx2 is expressed asymmetrically, right pulmonary isomerism, atrioventricular canals with prominent swelling, and juxtaposition of the atrium were detected. The hearts failed to develop tricuspid and mitral valves and a common atrioventricular valve forms. Further, dysgenesis of the Pitx2(-/-) extraocular muscle and thickening of the mesothelial layer of cornea were observed in the ocular system where Pitx2 is expressed symmetrically, and these resulted in enophthalmos. The present study shows that Pitx2 expressed in various sites participates in morphogenesis through three types of actions: the involvement of asymmetric Pitx2, expression in the entire morphogenetic process of L-R asymmetric organs; the involvement of asymmetric Pitx2 expression in the regional morphogenesis of asymmetric organs; and finally the involvement of symmetric Pitx2 expression in the regional morphogenesis of symmetric organs.

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The Brx1 homeobox gene has been isolated and shown to be expressed in the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) of the mouse embryo. Brx1 is a member of the Err gene family and comprises the genes for Brx1a and Brx1b, which differ in the sequence in the region located on the 5'-terminal side of the homeobox. The complete amino acid sequences of the open reading frame of Brx1a and Brx1b were determined and each was found to be similar to that of Rgs, the mouse homologue of the Rieger syndrome associated human RIEG gene (RGS), to the extent that the sequence of Rgs has been clarified. Brx1 was strongly expressed in the mammillary area as well as in the ZLI of the mouse embryonic brain. Homologues of Brx1a and Brx1b were isolated in chick in which the expression of Brx1 in the ventral diencephalon was well conserved. The expression of Brx1 along with that of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Nkx2.2, Dlx1 and Arx was examined at the time of the formation of ZLI in mouse embryos. The expression of Shh was initially noted in the ventricular zone of the presumptive ZLI and was then replaced by that of Brx1 at the time of radial migration of the neuroepithelial cells. Nkx2.2 was widely expressed in the ventricular zone of presumptive ZLI and also as a narrow band in the mantle zone. The expression of Dlx1 and Arx in the presumptive ventral thalamus extended as far as ZLI and overlapped with that of Brx1. The Dlx1- and Arx-expressing cells in ZLI, which extended towards the lateral (pial) surface of the diencephalic wall, differed from those expressing Nkx2.2 and Brx1. The embryonic ventral lateral geniculate nucleus present in the visual pathway was eventually formed from these cells. Each homeobox gene was also expressed regionally in the nucleus, suggesting that the nucleus is comprised of subdivisions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00110-X

Web of Science

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

We have isolated a novel homeobox gene that is expressed in the vertebrate central nervous system and which shows striking similarity to the Drosophila al gene in the homeodomain (85% identity) and in a 17 amine acid-sequence near the carboxyl-terminus. This gene was designated Arx (aristaless related homeobox gene) in consideration of its structural similarity to the al gene. Arx was highly conserved between mouse and zebrafish. Neuromeric expression in the forebrain and longitudinal expression in the floor plate were observed in mouse and zebrafish. The expression of Air in the ganglionic eminence and ventral thalamus overlapped regionally with that of Dlx1, but the cell layer where Acv is expressed differed from that of the Dlx1. This gene was also found to be expressed in the dorsal telencephalon (presumptive cerebral cortex) of mouse embryos. The structure and expression pattern of Arx with respect to any possible relationship to al and Dlx1, as well as the function of Arx in the floor plate are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00062-2

Web of Science

Publisher：MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD  

Several nuclear factors that interact with sequences in the 5' flanking region of the mouse tyrosinase gene were identified using band shift and methylation interference assays. One of these factors bind to an AT-rich sequence, TATCAATTAG, located at -183 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. To isolate cDNA clone encoding this DNA binding protein, we have screened a lambda gtll cDNA expression library prepared from mouse melanocyte cell line with a labeled oligonucleotide probe containing its binding site. Complementary DNA clones encoding mouse high mobility group protein HMG-I and its isoform HMG-Y were obtained. HMG-I(Y) is a low molecular size, basic nuclear protein that binds specifically to AT-rich region of double-stranded DNA in vitro. In Northern blot analysis the level of HMG-I(Y) mRNA expression did not correlate with that of tyrosinase or TRP-1. Although the amount of HMG-I(Y) transcripts has no apparent influence on the mouse tyrosinase gene expression, it is possible that HMG-I(Y) binds to the 5' flanking sequence of the tyrosinase gene as an auxiliary factor, and facilitates the binding and activity of other transcription factors.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1994.tb00628.x

Web of Science

Publisher：MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD  

Highly homologous DNA elements were found to be shared by the upstream regions of the mouse tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein (TRP-1) genes. Several nuclear proteins were shown to bind to both of these upstream regions. Shared homologous DNA elements were also found in the 5' flanking sequences of Japanese quail and snapping turtle tyrosinase genes. Shared homologous nucleotide sequences were found to be scattered like an archipelago in the 5' upstream regions of mouse and human tyrosinase genes. Comparisons between Japanese quail and snapping turtle tyrosinase genes gave similar results. On the contrary, mammalian (mouse and human) and nonmammalian (quail and snapping turtle) tyrosinase genes did not show significant homology in their 5' upstream regions. In contrast, coding sequences in the first exons of vertebrate tyrosinase genes and their deduced amino acid sequences were found to be highly conserved except for their putative leader sequence-coding regions.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00551.x

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

DOI： 10.1093/chemse/bjh088

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques are increasingly used for the detection of genetically modified (GM) crops in foods. In this paper, recombinant DNAs introduced into the seven lines of GM maize, such as Event 176, Bt11, T25, MON810, GA21, DLL25, and MON802, are sequenced. On the basis of the obtained sequence, 14 primer pairs for the detection of the segments, such as promoter, terminator regions, and construct genes, were designed. To confirm the specificities of the designed primer pairs, PCR was performed on genomic DNAs extracted from GM and non-GM maize, GM and non-GM soy, and other cereal crops. Because the presence of the corresponding DNA segments was specifically detected in GM crops by the designed primer pairs, it was concluded that this method is useful for fast and easy screening of GM crops including unauthorized ones.

DOI： 10.1021/jf011157t

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD  

In vertebrates, melanin production is restricted to pigment cells. This cell type-specific melanogenesis is considered to involve cell type-specific expression of the tyrosinase gene. Recently, there have been several reports that sequences in the 5' flanking region of the mouse tyrosinase gene are responsible for cell type-specific expression of the transgene in mice. As the first step in the study of the evolution of the regulatory mechanisms for tyrosinase gene function in vertebrates, we constructed a fused gene, hg-Tyrs-J, which includes a 1.0-kb 5' flanking sequence of the human tyrosinase gene fused with mouse tyrosinase cDNA. By introducing the fused gene into fertilized eggs of albino mice, we obtained two mice that exhibited pigmentation in the skin and eyes and established a transgenic line from one of them. Further analyses revealed that the transgene was expressed cell type-specifically in these transgenic mice. We conclude, therefore, that the 1.0 kb 5' upstream region of the human tyrosinase gene contains conserved cis-elements essential for cell type-specific expression of the tyrosinase genes in mice and humans. Results of our study may provide a clue to elucidate the evolutionary process of regulatory mechanisms of the tyrosinase gene.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00554.x

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

DOI： 10.1016/0167-4781(89)90115-2

Web of Science

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

CiNii Books

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：鹿児島大学  

歯学部における特徴ある研究、診療活動

CiNii Books

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Publisher：鹿児島大学歯学部  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2006&ichushi_jid=J00245&link_issn=&doc_id=20060829020004&doc_link_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10232%2F402&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10232%2F402&type=%8E%AD%8E%99%93%87%91%E5%8Aw%81F%8E%AD%8E%99%93%87%91%E5%8Aw%83%8A%83%7C%83W%83g%83%8A&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F80042_3.gif

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

Publisher：食品資材研究会  

CiNii Books

Publisher：食品総合研究所  

CiNii Books

Publisher：(株)学研メディカル秀潤社  

味を受容する味蕾は,味細胞が数十個集まってできている.味細胞の寿命は短く,約10日のサイクルで,新しく置き換わっている(ターンオーバー).味神経は味蕾の基底部にsonic hedgehog(Shh)を誘導し味細胞を増殖し,味蕾を維持するものと推定される.味神経線維は各々適合する特定の味細胞或いはその前駆細胞を選択し,シナプスを作り,ターンオーバーに際しても味の情報を変えることなく脳に伝える

CiNii Books

Publisher：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

Web of Science

Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

Publisher：(公社)日本食品衛生学会  

Publisher：日本発生生物学会  

J-GLOBAL

J-GLOBAL

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Web of Science

Event date： 2018.11 - 2018.12

Event date： 2016.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：韓国、ソウル  

Event date： 2016.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Event date： 2016.6

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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Event date： 2014.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：鹿児島  

国内学会

Event date： 2012.12

Event date： 2012.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：福岡  

国際学会

Event date： 2012.6

Language：English  

Venue：スウェーデン (ストックホルム）  

国際学会

Event date： 2012.6

Language：English  

Venue：ストックホルム, スウェーデン  

国際学会

Event date： 2012.6

Language：English  

Venue：ストックホルム, スウェーデン  

国際学会

Event date： 2012.4

Event date： 2012.4

Language：English  

Venue：ハンチントンビーチ, 米国  

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Event date： 2012.3

Language：English  

Venue：Ventura, CA, USA  

国際学会

Event date： 2011.11

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Venue：福岡  

国際学会

Event date： 2011.11

Language：English  

Venue：福岡  

国際学会

Event date： 2011.10

Language：Japanese  

Venue：石川、金沢  

国内学会

Event date： 2011.10

Language：Japanese  

Venue：石川、金沢  

国内学会

Event date： 2011.10

Language：Japanese  

Venue：石川、金沢  

国内学会

Event date： 2011.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：岐阜  

国内学会

Event date： 2010.10

Language：English  

Venue：日本、福岡  

国際学会

Event date： 2009.9

Event date： 2009.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：日本、旭川  

国内学会

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Event date： 2014.3

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Audience： General

Audience： Teachers

Type：Lecture